PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE 
FLORIDA  STATE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

DELAND,  FLORIDA 


THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRAKY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORfJiA,  SAW  DJJEfiQ 

LA  JOLLA,  CALIFORNIA 


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Publications  of  the 
Florida  State  Historical  Society 


Number   One 


Deland,  Florida: 
Printed  for  the  Sustaining  Members  of  the  Society 

1922 


PREFACE 

The  Committee  on  Publications  of  the  Florida  State  His- 
torical Society  considers  it  an  auspicious  circumstance  that  it 
has  secured  for  the  first  volume  of  the  publications  so  valuable 
and  comprehensive  an  essay  on  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of 
Florida  as  the  one  it  now  has  the  pleasure  of  offering  to  the  Sus- 
taining Members.  Historians  are  giving  more  and  more  atten- 
tion to  the  study  of  aboriginal  peoples,  just  as  archaeologists 
and  ethnologists  are  giving  more  and  more  attention  to  the 
study  of  history.  So  much  of  Florida  history  is  interwoven  with 
the  story  of  its  Indian  inhabitants  that  it  is  impossible  to  sep- 
arate one  from  the  other.  This  will  become  increasingly  appar- 
ent as  the  early  Spanish  documents  are  published.  We  are, 
therefore,  very  happy  to  initiate  our  series  by  printing  this  study, 
"the  object  of  which  is  to  bring  to  date  our  knowledge  of  the 
peopling  and  peoples  of  Florida." 

This  monograph  was  prepared  by  Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution.  While  a  member  of  the  Committee  on 
Publications  was  visiting  Dr.  Hrdlicka  in  regard  to  another 
matter,  the  purposes  and  plan  of  the  Florida  State  Historical 
Society  were  discussed.  Toward  the  close  of  the  interview  Dr. 
Hrdlicka  told  of  the  monograph  which  he  was  just  completing. 
He  expressed  regret  that  it  would  be  several  years  before  it 
would  see  the  light,  because  of  the  many  monographs  taking 
precedence  over  his,  which  were  already  filed  with  the  Institution 
awaiting  publication.  Negotiations  were  at  once  opened,  as  the 
result  of  which  the  permission  of  the  officers  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  and  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  was  given  for 
this  monograph  to  be  published  by  our  Society.  For  this  permis- 
sion we  are  very  grateful. 


We  share  the  author's  hope  that  the  book  may  stimulate  inter- 
est in  the  aboriginal  remains  of  Florida,  and  that  that  interest, 
translated  into  action,  may  soon  cause  additional  researches  to 
be  made. 

John  B.  Stetson,  Jr. 

J.  Franklin  Jameson  [^         -.  n  u-    ^^ 

•4  -r  /^  )  LommiUee  on  FubncaUons. 

jeannette  1 hurber  connor 

George  Parker  Winship 

Deland, 
Florida, 
June  /,  1922. 


Publications  of  the  Florida  State  Historical  Society 


THE    ANTHROPOLOGY 
OF    FLORIDA 


BY 

ALES    HRDLICKA 

SMITHSONIAN    INSTITUTION 
WASHINGTON,    D.   C. 


DELAND  •  FLORIDA 

The  Florida  State  Historical  Society 
1922 


dedicated  to  the  memory  of 
Professor  Frederick  W.  Putnam 


ANTHROPOLOGY 

OF 

FLORIDA 


ANTHROPOLOGY  OF  FLORIDA 

CONTENTS 

I 

INDIAN    REMAINS    OF    THE    SOUTHWESTERN    COAST    OF    FLORIDA 


PAGE 


The  Ten  Thousand  Islands  Region 5 

Indian  Remains  from  Fort  Myers  to  Key  Marco.  .  .  16 

Punta  Rasa 16 

Estero  Keys 16 

Naples 19 

Gordon  Pass 20 

Weeks  Place 20 

Key  Marco 21 

Caximbas 22 

Horr's  Island 22 

Goodland  Point 24 

Cape  Romaine 24 

Addison's  Place 24 

Key  Marco  Southward 27 

Whitney  River 29 

Buttonwood  Key ' 31 

Shell  Key 31 

Dismal  Key 31 

Pumpkin  Key 32 

Gomez  Key 33 

Fakahatchee,  Thompson  Place,  Ellis  Place. 33 

Ferguson  River 34 

Aliens  River 34 

Chokaloskee  Island 35 

Turner's  River 36 

Barnes  River 40 

New  River 41 

Chatham  Bend 41 

Miller's  Point 41 

Chevalier  Place 42 

Gopher  Key 42 

Lossman's  River  and  Key 44 

Royal  Palm  Hammock 45 


PAGE 


Lossman's  River  to  the  Southern  Extremity  of  the 

Peninsula 47 

General  Impressions 48 

Fort  Myers  to  Lake  Okechobee  and  East  Coast....  52 

The  Seminoles ,.  53 

II 

anthropology    of    FLORIDA 

Peopling  and  Tribes  of  Florida 57 

Numbers,  Antiquity 65 

Physical  Characteristics  of  the  Floridians  in  Records  70 

Physical  Anthropology,  Former  Contributions 71 

III 

new  observations 

Deformation 83 

Massiveness 85 

Disease 87 

Unity  of  Type 88 

The  Skull 89 

Descriptive  Features 90 

Measurements 91 

Facial  Proportions 99 

Comparative 109 

The  Long  Bones • 117 

Stature 118 

The  Humerus 118 

Radius 122 

Femur 123 

Tibia 127 

Summary 130 

Detailed  Measurements 133 

Index 145 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

PLATE  PAGE 

Map,  Caloosahatchee   River  to  Key 

Marco 17 

Map,    The    Ten    Thousand    Islands 

Region 18 

/;  Jungle  Near  the  Sand  Mound,  Horr's 

Island Faces  page  25 

//.•  Seminole  Hut,  Allen's  River "  34 

III:  Shell  Heaps  on  Chokaloskee  Island.  "  35 

IV:  Shell      Heaps      on      Brown's      Place, 

Turner's  River "  37 

F:  Seminoles  at  Chevalier  Place "  43 

VI:  Mangrove  Jungle  on  Way  to  Gopher's 

Key ';^         45 

FII:  Seminoles  near  Chevalier  Place "  55 

VIII:  Seminoles,  on  Allen  River Follows  pi.  VII 

IX:  (Frontispiece  to  Face  Part  II).      Dis- 
tribution    OF     THE     Rounded     and 
Oblong  Headed  Types  in  Florida..  .        Faces  page  57 
X:  Front  View  of  a  Male  and  a  Female 

"Round  Head"  from  Florida "         91 

XI:  Side  View  of  Skulls  Shown  in  Plates 

X  AND  XI Follows  pi.  X 

XII:  Top  View  of  Skulls  Shown  in  Plate  X  "  XI 

XIII:  Side  View  of  a  Male  and  of  a  Female 

Florida  Skull  of  the  Rounded  Type       Faces  page  93 

XIV:  A  Male  and  a  Female  "Round  Head" 

FROM  St.  John's  River  Mounds Follows  pi.  XIII 

XV:  Florida    Crania — the    Rounded    Con- 
trasted WITH  THE  Oblong  Type....  "  XIV 
XVI:  Side  View  of  a  Female  Florida  Skull 

of  Intermediary  Form "  XV 

XVII-XVIII:  Extraordinary  Lower  Jaws  from  the 

Florida    Mounds Faces  page  95 

Figure  1 — Shell   Heaps    and    Mounds    on    Brown's 

Place,  Turner's   River 38 

Figure  2 — Map  of  Florida  Showing  Localities  from 

WHICH  Skeletal  Material  was  Examined  84 

Figure  3a — Cephalic  Index  of  Crania  from  Florida 

Mounds  and  Shell  Heaps Follows  page  98 

Figure  3b — Cephalic  Index  of  Crania  from  Florida 

Mounds  and  Shell  Heaps,  condensed...         "  fig-  3a 


Figure  4 — Mean  Height  Index  of   Florida  Skulls.  .  Follows  page  100 

Figure  5 — Upper  Facial  and  Nasal  Index  of  Florida 

Skulls  "         104 

Figure  6 — Comparison  Graphs  of  Floridian  Brachy- 
CEPHALic  Crania  with  Skulls  in  Neigh- 
boring States "         114 

Figure  7 — Comparative   Graphs  of  Oblong    Florida 

Crania  with  Those  of  Seminoles    "         114 


ANTHROPOLOGY  OF  FLORIDA 
FOREWORD 

When  at  the  end  of  October,  1918,  shortly  after  the  death 
of  my  wife.  Professor  W.  H.  Holmes  and  Dr.  J.  W.  Fewkes, 
through  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  offered  me  the 
facilities  for  a  brief  trip  of  exploration,  I  chose  one  of  the  least 
known  regions  in  the  States,  namely,  the  southwestern  extremity 
of  Florida.  I  have  been  in  Florida  on  anthropological  quests 
on  three  other  occasions,  reaching  on  the  west  coast  as  far  south 
as  Fort  Myers;  this  time  I  wanted  to  penetrate  as  far  south 
as  there  might  be  traces  of  the  former  aboriginal  population, 
to  get  a  rapid  bird's-eye  view  of  conditions,  to  collect  what- 
ever skeletal  material  I  might  be  able  to  find,  and  to  see  as 
many  as  possible  of  the  Seminoles  who  are  known  to  roam 
through  that  territory.  I  was  aware,  of  course,  of  the  work  of 
Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore,  as  well  as  of  that  of  Hamilton  Gushing, 
along  that  coast;  but  for  purposes  of  physical  anthropology 
that  was  not  enough,  and  I  felt  a  strong  need  of  a  personal 
visit  to  these  regions. 

The  trip  proved  interesting,  though  also  difficult,  beyond 
all  expectation.  The  region  contains  a  wealth  of  archeological 
remains  which  would  long  since  have  created  quite  a  stir  if 
located  in  a  more  accessible  part  of  the  country.  It  also  con- 
tains burials,  probably  many  burials,  of  the  old  population; 
but  it  soon  appeared  that  nothing  of  these  skeletal  remains  has 
been  saved  by  any  one  of  the  few  local  settlers,  and  that  nothing 
could  be  excavated  on  the  trip,  due  to  unpropitious  season  with 
swarms  of  insects  and  a  complete  lack  of  help.  Of  the  Semi- 
noles a  few  only  were  met;  to  seek  the  rest  was  out  of  the  question. 


The  results  of  the  journey  as  marked  on  the  spot  are  given 
in  the  following  pages,  with  the  hope  that  they  may  supple- 
ment and  advance  Mr.  Moore's  work  and  reports.  The  physical 
anthropology  of  this  part  of  the  peninsula,  together  with  that  of 
the  southeastern  coast,  must  remain,  in  the  main,  for  future 
determination. 

The  second  part  of  this  memoir  will  be  devoted  to  a  study  of 
the  Florida  natives  from  the  rest  of  the  peninsula.^  Due  to 
their  geographical  position  and  other  facts,  this  study  has  long 
been  felt  to  be  desirable,  but  it  was  only  in  the  last  few  years 
that  enough  skeletal  material  was  obtained  both  from  Florida 
and  from  neighboring  States  to  make  possible  some  valid  gen- 
eral deductions.  We  owe  this  again,  it  may  be  acknowledged 
with  pleasure,  mainly  to  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore's  painstaking 
explorations  in  Georgia,  Arkansas  and  Louisiana,  as  well  as 
Florida. 

The  results  of  the  studies  here  dealt  with,  together  with 
those  on  tribes  further  north  and  west,  lead  to  a  strong  hope 
that  if  these  researches  can  be  properly  extended,  particularly 
to  the  Northwest  and  to  Mexico,  we  may  before  long  be  able 
fairly  to  master  the  intricate  subject  of  the  types  and  relations 
of  the  North-American  Indians. 


'  The  completion  of  this  study,  also,  has  been  made  possible  by  a  small  grant  from  the 
Bureau  ot  American  Ethnology,  to  which  the  author  hereby  gratefully  acknowledges  his 
indebtedness. 


I 

NOTES  ON  THE  INDIAN   REMAINS  OF  THE 
SOUTHWESTERN  COAST  OF  FLORIDA 

THE  Ten  Thousand  Islands  Region. — Of  the  few  as  yet 
but  very  imperfectly  explored  regions  in  the  United 
States,  the  largest  perhaps  is  the  southernmost  part 
of  Florida  below  the  26th  degree  of  northern  latitude. 
This  is  particularly  true  of  the  central  and  western  portions 
of  this  region,  which  inland  are  an  unmapped  wilderness 
of  everglades  and  cypress  swamps,  and  off-shore  a  maze  of 
low  mangrove  "keys"  or  islands,  mostly  unnamed  and  un- 
charted, with  channels,  "rivers"  and  "bays"  about  them  which 
are  known  only  to  a  few  of  the  trappers  and  hunters  who  have 
lived  a  larger  part  of  their  life  in  that  region.  The  islands  are 
literally  numbered  by  the  thousands,  and  range  in  size  from  a 
little  oyster  bar  with  perhaps  a  single  little  mangrove,  to  those 
which  measure  several  square  miles  of  surface.  They  are 
invariably  thickly  wooded  by  the  almost  impenetrable,  many- 
rooted,  tough  mangrove  brush  or  trees,  a  jungle-like  vegetation 
which  constitutes  one  of  the  greatest  obstacles  to  exploration. 
All  these  islands,  moreover,  are  so  low  that  they  are  practically 
nothing  but  muck  and  swamp  with  parts  covered  with  water 
at  high  tide  and  the  whole  surface  submerged  when  western 
storms  drive  in  the  Gulf  sea.  They  are  uninhabited  and 
uninhabitable  by  man  except  where  the  gulf,  winds,  or  human 
hands  had  built  some  "high  ground,"  on  which  the  Indians 
and  now  the  whites  with  some  degree  of  safety  erect  their 
habitations. 


Ales  Hrdlicka 


In  addition  to  the  swampy  and  jungly  nature  of  these  islands, 
which  is  such  that  except  on  the  "high  ground"  it  is  impossible 
to  find  a  place  for  a  camp  and  in  most  places  even  for  the  cook- 
ing of  a  meal,  these  patches  together  with  the  neighboring 
mainland  are  more  or  less  infested  with  snakes  and  the  larger 
part  of  the  year  also  with  great  quantities  of  mosquitoes,  sand- 
flies, and  "red  bugs,"  which  make  life  and  frequently  even  a 
short  stay  on  them  a  matter  of  torture  and  even  danger.  Under 
such  circumstances  anything  like  a  detailed,  protracted  explora- 
tion is  not  merely  exceptionally  difficult  but  frequently  quite 
impossible. 

On  such  maps  as  we  have  of  this  region,  the  innumerable 
mangrove  **keys"  are  known  by  the  well  fitting  term  of  the 
"Ten  Thousand  Islands."  The  waters  that  surround  them  are 
full  of  submerged  oyster  bars,  and  frequently  so  shallow  that 
only  the  lightest  draft  launches  or  skiffs  can  penetrate;  while 
distances  with  directions  are  merely  a  matter  of  individual 
estimates  or  approximations  by  the  hunters  and  trappers  of  the 
region.  As  one  nears  the  mainland,  some  of  the  more  impor- 
tant waterways  begin  to  be  called  "rivers"  and  "bays";  and  if 
the  former  are  followed  one  actually  enters  sooner  or  later  fresh- 
water rivers,  which  run,  gradually  petering  out,  for  from  a  few 
to  a  dozen  or  more  miles  inland,  draining  the  low  Everglades. 

Due  to  the  above-named  conditions  the  whole  region  of  the 
"Ten  Thousand  Islands"  is  but  very  sparsely  peopled  and  with 
the  exception  of  a  few  store  and  hotel  keepers  (the  latter  essen- 
tially for  the  accommodation  of  the  occasional  visiting  sports- 
men), it  is  inhabited  only  by  a  scattering  of  fishermen,  most  of 
whom  also  hunt  and  trap  on  occasion.  From  Chocaloskee 
Island  down  to  the  southernmost  point  of  Cape  Sable,  a  dis- 
tance along  the  shore  of  over  fifty  miles,  the  actual  settlers  were 
found  to  consist  of  only  five  or  six  families. 


Anthropology  of  Florida 


From  the  archeological  point  of  view,  the  region  of  the 
"Ten  Thousand  Islands",  together  with  the  adjacent  coast, 
first  became  known  through  the  work  of  Frank  Hamilton 
Gushing  in  1895-97.^  Subsequently  this  region,  as  practically 
all  other  parts  of  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  was  visited  on  sev- 
eral occasions  by  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore.  These  visits,  as 
all  of  Mr.  Moore's  work,  were  also  of  archeological  nature,  and 
resulted  in  the  collection  of  numerous  interesting  cultural 
specimens  which  are  described  and  illustrated  in  Vols.  XI  and 
XIII  of  the  Journal  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  deposited  in  the  collections  of  the  Academy. 

Mr.  Moore's  observations,  as  far  as  they  extend,  are  just, 
and  except  so  far  as  they  apply  to  descriptions  of  specimens, 
deserve  to  be  quoted  in  full.     They  are  as  follows:^ 

"The  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  whose  name  is  not  conferred 
in  a  poetical  way,  but  probably  falls  short  in  describing  the 
number,  beginning  with  Little  Marco  Island  on  the  north, 
thickly  fringe  the  coast  line  of  part  of  the  counties  of  Lee  and 
Monroe  to  the  Northwest  Cape,  a  distance  of  about  seventy 
miles  in  a  straight  line. 

"These  keys,  formed  by  oyster  bars,  sand  and  the  roots  of 
the  mangrove  tree,  are  from  a  few  feet  to  a  number  of  miles  in 
area,  and  are,  as  a  rule,  just  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  But 
an  insignificant  proportion  of  these  islands  have  been  utilized 
by  the  Key-dwellers. 

"All  published  maps  of  this  part  of  Florida  are  grossly 
inaccurate.  .  .  . 

"On  the  eastern  side  of  Little  Marco  Island  is  a  shell  settle- 
ment with  the  usual  ridges  and  mounds  of  moderate  size. 


*  Exploration  of  Ancient  Key-dweller  Remains  in  the  Gulf  Coast  of  Florida.     Proc.  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc,  1897,  xxxv,  120  pp. 

^  Certain  Antiquities  of  the  Florida  West  Coast.  J.  Ac.  Sc,  Philadelphia,  1900,  xi,  369 
et  seq. 


8  Ales  Hrdlicka 


"Marco,  on  the  northernmost  end  of  Key  Marco,  by  far  the 
most  important  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  is  where  Mr. 
Gushing  made  his  marvellous  collection  of  objects  of  wood  and 
of  shell  in  the  muck  at  the  bottom  of  a  small  triangular  court 
enclosed  between  ridges  of  shell.  .  .  . 

"Blue  Hill,  on  Horr's  Island,  about  one  mile  southwest  from 
Goodland  Point,  has  a  considerable  aboriginal  shell  deposit, 
and  a  sand  mound  about  6  feet  in  height,  which  has  been  thor- 
oughly dug  through. 

"Caximbas  Hill  is  a  wind  formation  on  the  southwestern 
part  of  Marco  Island.     Nearby  is  a  considerable  shell  deposit. 

"Proceeding  in  a  southerly  direction  among  the  Ten  Thou- 
sand Islands,  we  visited  Gomez'  Old  Place  on  a  small  nameless 
key  reached  from  the  Gulf  through  a  pass  about  two  miles  east 
of  Coon  Key,  and  continuing  in  about  one  mile  in  a  northerly 
direction.  The  key  at  present  writing  (1900)  is  uninhabited. 
It  covers  probably  about  thirty  acres  of  interesting  shell  deposit, 
partly  surrounding  a  basin  that  fills  with  the  rising  tide. 

"Dismal  Key,  Lee  County,  lies  about  two  miles  north  of 
Horse  Key,  an  outside  island  about  five  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Coon 
Key  Pass,  which  is  the  southern  entrance  to  Marco.  This 
unsurveyed  key  has  a  great  shell  deposit  with  the  usual  mounds 
and  the  like. 

"Fikahatchee  Key,  Lee  County,  unsurveyed,  perhaps  150 
acres  in  extent,  can  be  reached  by  an  inland  passage  at  high 
tide,  or  from  the  Gulf  through  a  nameless  pass  and  continuing 
in  among  the  islands  for  from  three  to  four  miles.  In  any  event, 
a  pilot  is  requisite.  On  this  island  is  an  extensive  shell  deposit. 
A  family  living  on  the  key  occupies  a  house  partly  built  upon 
piles. 


Anthropology  of  Florida 


"Russell's  Key  may  be  reached  from  the  Gulf  by  entering 
the  islands  about  three  miles  above  Sandfly  Pass  and  continu- 
ing in  among  the  keys  another  three  miles.  This  key,  which 
has  large  aboriginal  shell  deposits,  perhaps  60  acres  in  extent, 
is  occupied  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Russell  and  Mr.  M.  M.  Gaston  with 
their  families. 

"Wiggins*  Key  on  Sandfly  Pass,  about  one  mile  from  the 
Gulf,  on  the  right-hand  side  going  out,  has  extensive  shell 
deposits  and  two  small  burial  mounds  of  sand  and  shell  which 
have  been  much  dug  into.  Our  excavations,  made  with  per- 
mission of  Mr.  J.  Wiggins,  the  owner,  were  unrewarded. 

"This  place  is  shown  on  maps  as  in  the  northern  limits  of 
the  County  of  Monroe,  but  at  the  present  time  this  territory, 
extending  south  below  Chokoloskee  Key,  is  claimed  by  Lee 
County,  and,  it  is  said,  probably  will  be  obtained  by  it. 

"Chokoloskee  Key,  Monroe  County.  This  island  lies  in  the 
lower  part  of  Chokoloskee  Bay,  a  sheet  of  water  back  of  the 
maze  of  islands  bordering  the  Gulf. 

"The  island  is  unsurveyed.  It  is  roughly  circular  and  is  said 
to  be  somewhat  over  one-half  mile  in  diameter.  It  is  almost 
entirely  covered  with  great  shell  deposits,  including  lofty 
peaks,  graded  ways,  canals  and  the  like.  Rising  from  the  mangrove 
swamp  at  the  edge  of  the  northern  part  of  the  island  is  a  mound 
of  shell  of  abrupt  ascent,  a  fraction  over  27  feet  in  height,  if 
measured  from  the  level  of  low  water.  Running  in  from  the 
southern  section  of  the  island  are  two  graded  ways  enclosing 
a  canal.  These  ways  terminate  in  mounds  facing  each  other.  The 
easternmost  mound,  slightly  the  higher,  on  its  western  side 
where  it  rises  from  the  canal,  has  a  slope  of  thirty-three  degrees. 
Its  height  above  the  level  of  the  bottom  of  the  canal  is  18  feet 
4  inches  and   22   feet  4   inches  above  low  water  level.    .    .    . 


10  Ales  Hrdlicka 


"Near  the  mouth  of  Turner's  River,  which  enters  Choko- 
loskee  Bay  in  an  easterly  direction  from  the  key  and  not  far  from 
it,  is  a  considerable  shell  deposit.  .  .  . 

"Watson's,  Monroe  County.  About  four  miles  up  Chatham 
River  is  a  series  of  shell  fields  owned  by  Mr.  Watson,  who  resides 
on  the  place." 

To  which,  in  1905,^  Mr.  Moore  adds  the  following: 

"This  season  (1904),  beginning  at  Charlotte  Harbor,  we  con- 
tinued southward  through  Pine  Island  Sound,  Estero  Bay  and 
along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  island  of  Marco  next  to  the  northern- 
most key  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands.  From  Key  Marco 
our  course  lay  through  the  keys  including  Chokoloskee  Key 
and  Lossman's  Key,  and  along  the  coast  to  Cape  Sable,  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands. 

"Rounding  Cape  Sable  and  visiting  points  of  interest  on  the 
mainland  and  investigating  various  keys,  we  continued  eastward, 
then  northward,  to  Miami;  to  Fort  Lauderdale  on  New  River, 
where  the  Everglades  were  visited;  and  finally  to  Lake  Worth, 
which  was  the  southern  limit  of  our  work  during  the  season 
of  1896. 

"As  a  result  of  this  part  of  our  journey  of  the  season  of 
1904,  we  formed  certain  conclusions,  and  fortified  others  which 
we  had  previously  expressed  in  print,  namely: 

"(1)  That  while  the  shell  deposits  of  the  southwestern  coast 
of  Florida  are  of  great  interest  as  monuments  of  the  aborigines, 
their  contents  oflFer  little  reward  to  the  investigator. 

"(2)  That  the  sand  mounds  of  the  southern  Florida  coast 
were  built  mainly  for  domiciliary  purposes,  and  that  such  as 
contain  burials  yield  but  little  pottery,  whole  vessels  being 
practically  absent. 


'  Miscellaneous  Investigations  in  Florida.     J.  Ac.  Sc,  Philadelphia,  1905-08,  xiii,  303  et  seq. 


Anthropology  of  Florida  11 


"(3)  That  these  burial  mounds  contain  but  few  artifacts  of 
interest  and  that  such  artifacts  as  are  met  with  in  the  smaller 
ones,  and  superficially  in  the  larger  ones,  are  often  of  European 
origin,  marking  a  strong  contrast  with  the  mounds  of  the 
northwestern  Florida  coast  and  of  St.  John's  River. 

"The  Marco  Key,  where  Gushing  made  his  great  collection, 
was  revisited.  The  objects  found  by  Gushing  lay  in  muck 
which  forms  the  bottom  of  a  small  artificial  basin  in  the  shell 
deposit,  formerly  connected  by  a  short  canal  with  the  neigh- 
boring water.  .  .  .  Artificial  harbors,  basins  and  canals  abound 
among  such  keys  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands  as  were  selected 
by  the  pile  dwellers  as  places  of  residence.  .  .  . 

"The  interesting  Ghokoloskee  Key  described  in  our  previous 
report  has  been  determined,  by  a  recent  survey,  to  be  in  Lee 
Gounty,  and  not  in  Monroe  Gounty,  as  was  formerly  believed  to 
be  the  case.  .  .  . 

*Tn  one  part  of  the  key  is  an  interesting  artificial  harbor 
which,  no  doubt,  served  as  a  shelter  for  canoes  in  aboriginal 
times.  This  harbor,  protected  from  open  water  by  an  embank- 
ment of  shell,  save  at  a  narrow  entrance,  was  on  property  owned 
by  Mr.  McKinnery,  who,  controlling  the  water  by  the  insertion 
of  a  sluice,  dug  many  trenches  in  the  muck,  with  the  idea  to 
pile  this  material  above  water  level,  and  thus  gain  a  rich  area 
for  cultivation.  .  .  . 

"Lossman's  Key,  Monroe  Gounty.  After  investigating  a 
number  of  keys  which  yielded  nothing  of  interest  from  an 
archeological  point  of  view,  Lossman's  Key,  one  of  the  largest, 
if  not  the  largest  key  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  was  visited. 
At  the  northern  extremity  are  large,  level  causeways  and  plat- 
forms of  shell,  a  thorough  survey  of  which  would  be  of  interest. 


12  Ales  Hrdlicka 


"South  of  Cape  Sable  and  eastward  among  the  keys  and 
northward  to  Lake  Worth,  where  our  journey  ended,  we  met  with 
nothing  of  especial  archeological  interest.  After  leaving  the  Ten 
Thousand  Islands,  no  shell  keys  were  met  with  by  us  during 
an  extended  search,  all  islands  being  of  sand  or  of  limerock." 

And  again  in  1907  r^ 

"The  Ten  Thousand  Islands  which  have  been  twice  visited 
and  twice  written  about  by  us  were  again  the  subject  of  our 
investigation  during  two  seasons,  the  winter  of  1906  and  the 
winter  of  1907.  These  islands  fringe  the  coast  of  south- 
western Florida  for  about  80  miles  along  parts  of  the  counties 
of  Lee  and  Monroe,  between  the  settlement  known  as  Naples 
on  the  north  and  Cape  Sable  on  the  south.  .  .  . 

"While  at  Marco  we  visited  Little  Marco;  Mcllvaine's  Key; 
Addison's  Key;  and  the  Crawford  place,  northward  toward 
Naples — all  noteworthy  aboriginal  shell  deposits.  .  .  . 

"Fikahatchee  Key  and  Russell's  Key,  large  shell  islands, 
yielded  specimens  of  aboriginal  work.  Chokoloskee  Key  was 
visited  with  good  results.  .  .  . 

"Lossman's  Key,  near  Cape  Sable,  one  of  the  largest  keys 
of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  was  again  visited  by  us,  and  its 
two  shell  deposits — one  more  than  ten  acres  in  extent — were 
carefully  examined.  The  larger  deposit,  rich  in  aboriginal  im- 
plements, has  been  recently  cleared  of  the  hammock  growth 
formerly  upon  it.  While  there  we  almost  walked  upon  the 
wires  of  a  loaded  spring-gun  set  for  deer  or  panther — one  of 
the  chances  one  takes  in  exploring  this  wild  and  lawless  region." 

The  rest  of  the  paper  is  given  to  description  of  objects. 

A  copy  of  the  notes  on  the  principal  observations  by  the 
writer  was  sent  to  Mr.  Moore  soon  after  the  writer's  return  from 


•  Notes  on  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  Florida.     J.  Ac.  Sc,  Philadelphia,  xiii,  458  et  seq. 


Anthropology  of  Florida  13 


Florida,  and  a  preliminary  note  on  the  trip  was  published  in 
the  popular  "Smithsonian  Explorations"  for  1918.  In  1919 
Mr.  Moore  visited  once  more  a  part  of  this  coast,  and  in  the 
last  number  of  the  American  Anthropologist  of  that  year  (p. 
400  et  seq.),  referring  to  the  above  mentioned  note,  he  states  in 
the  main  as  follows 

Our  **hundred-foot  steamer,  carrying  a  power  boat  as  a 
tender,  with  an  average  of  eleven  men  to  dig  and  to  supervise, 
has  spent  much  of  five  seasons  in  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands, 
good  parts  of  which  were  devoted  to  the  region  south  of  Key 
Marco,  in  one  instance  the  expedition  continuing  around  the 
end  of  the  peninsula  to  Lake  Worth  on  the  eastern  coast. 

"We  have  published  the  results  of  most  of  our  investigations 
between  Key  Marco  and  Lossman's  Key,  the  southernmost  of 
the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  including  principal  sites.  Dismal  Key, 
Fikahatchee  Key,  Russell's  Key,  Chokoloskee  Key,  Turner 
River  and  Lossman's  Key. 

"We  are  not  prepared  to  admit  that  the  region  of  the  coast 
south  of  Key  Marco  was  supposed  to  be  of  no  great  account  as  far 
as  aboriginal  remains  were  concerned  by  anyone  familiar  with 
that  region  through  personal  investigation  or  through  compre- 
hensive reading  on  the  subject.  Nor,  on  the  other  hand,  is  it 
our  opinion  that  this  region  is  more  than  a  continuation  of  the 
great  shell  deposits  farther  north:  The  huge  mound  above 
Cedar  Key;  those  at  Cedar  Key;  the  so-called  Spanish  mound, 
Crystal  River;  Indian  Hill,  on  Tampa  Bay;  Josselyn  Key;  the 
Battey  Place,  now  Pineland  on  Pine  Island;  Mound  Island; 
Addison's  Key;  Goodland  Point  on  Key  Marco;  and  others,  all 
of  which  we  have  carefully  examined  and  nearly  all  described  in 
print.  The  highest  shell-mounds  of  the  coast  are  north  of  Key 
Marco  as  is  the  best  defined  aboriginal  canal. 


14  Ales  Hrdlicka 


"Our  own  experience  and  that  of  others  has  convinced  us 
that  in  the  shell-heaps  of  the  southwestern  Florida  coast,  which 
extend  southward  from  above  Cedar  Key,  practically  nothing  of 
interest  has  been  found  that  can  begin  to  compensate  one  for 
the  heavy  outlay  of  time  and  money  needed  for  their  demolition. 
The  great  shell-mound  on  Bullfrog  creek,  ten  miles  southeast 
from  Tampa,  removed  to  furnish  material  for  roads,  was  care- 
fully watched,  it  is  said,  while  the  work  was  going  on,  without 
any  discovery  of  importance.    An  accurate  survey  of  the  shell 
site  on  Turner  River  might  be  of  interest,  but  it  is  our  belief 
that  digging  into  the  shell  deposits  hereafter  will  be  more  fre- 
quently suggested  than  done." 
So  much  for  Mr.  Moore*s  report. 

The  writer's  motives  for  a  visit  to  this  region  were,  as 
already  mentioned,  besides  its  character,  a  desire  to  satisfy 
himself  as  to  the  nature  and  promise  from  the  point  of  physical 
anthropology  of  the  numerous  remains  of  Indian  occupation  along 
the  coast  from  Charlotte  Bay  southward;  to  determine  if  possible 
the  type  of  skeletal  remains  from  Key  Marco  down  to  the  tip 
of  the  peninsula,  for  purposes  of  comparison  with  those  which 
on  previous  trips  he  saw  or  collected  off  the  Caloosahatchee 
River  and  further  northward  along  the  coast;  and  finally  a 
hope  of  finding  some  full-blood  Seminoles,  parties  of  whom 
were  known  to  roam  among  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands.  An 
additional  incentive  for  the  visit  to  southern  Florida  was  to 
visit  the  newly  opened  regions  about  Lake  Okechobee,  where 
many  canals  have  been  and  are  being  constructed,  to  see  if  any 
discoveries  had  been  made  there  which  might  possibly  throw  light 
on  the  nature  and  antiquity  of  the  inhabitants  of  that  territory. 

Due  to  special  good  fortune  the  whole  trip  was  accom- 
plished within  the  time  of  four  weeks,  the  main  part  of  which 
was  devoted  to  a  journey  of  about  250  miles,  with  a  small 


Anthropology  of  Florida 15 

launch  and  a  skiff,  through  the  islands  from  Key  Marco  south 
to  Lossman's  River.  One  of  the  most  experienced  and  reliable 
guides  of  the  region  was  secured  in  the  person  of  "Uncle"  James 
E.  Cannon,  of  Marco;  and  a  number  of  friendly,  remarkably 
well-informed  and  reliable  old  settlers  were  found  in  the 
persons  of  Messrs.  J.  B.  Ellis,  George  W.  Storter,  C.  S.  Small- 
wood  and  R.  E.  Hamilton,  from  whom  valuable  information 
was  obtained,  a  service  which  is  hereby  gratefully  acknowledged. 
The  expedition  was  also  favored  by  excellent  weather;  but  the 
insects  proved  a  most  difficult  proposition,  and  in  many  cases 
not  only  made  a  prolonged  examination  of  the  remains  impossi- 
ble, but  rendered  also  all  exploratory  digging  out  of  question. 
It  was  often  difficult,  in  fact,  to  secure  even  a  general  view  of  the 
remains  and  to  make  a  few  photographic  exposures.  Due  to 
these  and  other  impediments,  a  good  many  of  the  less  important 
sites  and  mounds  that  were  learned  of  were  not  visited,  and  their 
location  and  character  can  only  be  recorded  on  the  basis  of  the 
information  obtained  from  the  above-named  settlers;  but  all 
groups  that  were  regarded  as  of  more  than  common  interest  or 
promise  were  reached  and  as  far  as  possible  examined. 

During  these  examinations  much  was  seen  that  has  not 
yet  been  recorded  in  print.  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore,  who  saw 
many  of  these  sites  before,  in  mentioning  them  did  not  go,  as 
was  seen,  into  many  details.  Yet  there  are  details  which 
seemed  worth  while  recording  even  though  very  imperfectly, 
.  before  the  various  remains  will  be  more  or  less  obliterated  by 
man  who  even  in  these  regions  is  advancing  and  destroying. 
Already  some  of  the  sites,  such  as  that  on  the  Chokaloskee 
Island,  are  badly  damaged. 

To  facilitate  description  the  report  on  what  was  learned  will 
best  be  divided  into  four  portions,  namely:  (1)  The  Indian 
remains  from  Fort  Myers  to  Key  Marco;  (2)  The  Indian  re- 


16  Ales  Hrdlicka 


mains  from  Key  Marco  to  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
peninsula;  (3)  The  Indian  remains  in  the  region  from  Fort 
Myers  to  Lake  Okechobee,  and  from  the  latter  to  the  east 
coast;  and  (4)  The  Seminole  Indians. 

INDIAN    REMAINS    FROM    FORT    MYERS    TO    KEY    MARCO 

As  is  well  known,  the  islands  lying  south  of  Charlotte  Har- 
bor and  S.  W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Caloosahatchee,  as  well  as 
some  neighboring  parts  of  this  mainland,  contain  many  Indian 
remains  in  the  way  of  shell  heaps,  sand  mounds,  etc.  They 
have  also  yielded  considerable  skeletal  material,  only  a  small 
part  of  which  was,  however,  preserved.  The  main  of  these  have 
been  at  least  partly  explored  and  reported  upon  (Gushing,^ 
Clarence  B.  Moore,^  Hrdlicka^).  For  some  distance  south  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Caloosahatchee  River  such  remains  become 
scarcer  and  less  well  known.  Commencing  at  the  Punta  Rasa 
and  southward  they  may,  so  far  as  present  information  goes,  be 
briefly  enumerated  as  follows: 

Punta  Rasa:  According  to  the  Captains  Kinzie  of  Fort 
Myers,  there  is  a  good-sized  sand  mound  with  burials  in  the 
swamps  inland  from  Punta  Rasa.  Mr.  C.  B.  Moore,  to  whom 
the  writer  mentioned  this  mound,  wrote  that  he  knew  of  it, 
and  that  some  of  the  burials  which  it  contained  were  accom- 
panied by  beads  of  white  man's  manufacture.  None  of  the 
skeletal  remains  have,  so  far  as  could  be  learned,  been  preserved. 

Estero  Keys:  West  of  Estero  (10  miles  S.  of  Fort  Myers,) 
there  is  a  shallow,  wide-mouthed  bay  with  a  series  of  keys  and 
islands,  some  of  which  contain  Indian  remains.  The  most 
important  of  these  is  the  "Mound  Key,"  with  extensive  shell 

«o.  c. 

»o.  c. 

^  Bulls.  33  and  66,  Bureau  American  Ethnology. 


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The  Ten  Thousand  Islands  Region 


Anthropology  of  Florida  19 


heaps  and  mounds  which  were  partly  touched  upon  by  Gushing/ 
and  later  described  more  accurately  though  not  exhaustively  by 
Clarence  B.  Moore.^ 

It  would  seem  that  the  remains  of  this  little  archipelago  and 
particularly  those  of  Mound  Key  deserve  further  attention. 
The  region  is  easily  approachable  from  Fort  Myers  or  Estero. 
No  skeletal  material  is  as  yet  known  from  these  islands. 

Fort  Myers-Naples:  More  inland,  the  country  here  is,  in 
general,  very  unproductive.  It  is  covered  with  a  thin  pine 
forest,  the  grass  is  poor  and  the  region  could  never  have  fur- 
nished the  means  of  existence  to  any  large  Indian  population. 
It  shows  accordingly  but  few  marks  of  such  occupation.  These 
consist  of  two  moderate  sized  sand  mounds,  in  all  probability 
containing  burials,  situated  one  about  six  miles  south  of  Fort 
Myers  and  not  far  east  of  the  road  to  Naples,  at  the  head  of 
Render's  Creek;  while  the  other  is  to  be  found  about  six  miles 
southeast  of  Bonita  Springs  (or  about  twenty-seven  miles  from 
Fort  Myers).  This  latter  mound  lies  to  the  east  of  the  road  to 
Naples,  in  the  pine  forest,  and  in  one  locality  can  be  seen  from 
the  present  road. 

Naples:  About  thirty-five  miles  in  a  straight  line  and  nearly 
due  south  from  Fort  Myers  is  the  little  hamlet  of  Naples. 
Approximately  four  miles  north  of  Naples,  in  the  neighborhood 
of  "Clam  Pass,"  there  are,  according  to  information,  shell-and- 
soil  mounds  or  heaps,  some  reaching  possibly  15  feet  in  height 
and  the  total  covering  upwards  of  2  acres.  To  find  them  one 
would  "go  up  the  Pass  and  enter  a  little  bay,  on  the  north  side 
of  which  the  site  may  readily  be  seen."  This  information  is 
rather  uncertain,  but  there  were  no  facilities  to  visit  the 
location. 


»0.  c. 
«0.c. 


20  Ales  Hrdlicka 


A  short  distance  to  the  S.  E.  of  Naples  exists  an  old  canal 
which  originally  led  from  the  "back  bay"  to  the  Gulf,  and  which 
may  be  a  work  of  the  Indians  among  whom  canals  facilitating 
canoe  approach  to  their  sites  were  greatly  favored.  Some  low 
shell  accumulations  are  said  to  be  found  near  the  Gulf  extremity 
of  the  canal,  the  mouth  of  which  is  reported  to  be  now  about 
70  yards  distant  from  the  beach. 

Gordon  Pass:  To  the  southeast  of  Naples  there  is  a  fairly 
spacious  shallow  inland  bay,  to  the  west  of  which  is  placed  by 
some  the  northern  beginning  of  the  "Ten  Thousand  Islands." 
A  small  sound  about  4  miles  south  of  Naples  and  communi- 
cating with  the  Gulf  is  known  as  the  "Gordon  Pass";  and 
almost  opposite  this  Pass  on  the  mainland  to  the  east  is  a  good- 
sized  oblong  sand  mound,  from  which  human  bones  and  some 
"cement"  have  been  dug  up  by  local  men.  The  mound  is 
situated  about  half  a  mile  inland,  on  the  western  side  of  a 
pond  and  not  far  from  a  "slew"  which  leads  from  the  pond  to 
a  swamp  located  between  it  and  the  bay.  This  site  was  visited 
and  our  little  party  proceeded  up  to  the  "slew,"  which  may 
possibly  be  another  old  Indian  canal,  but  there  our  further 
progress  was  blocked  by  water  which  we  were  not  able  to  pass. 

Tom  Weeks'  Place:  About  7  miles  southeast  of  Naples  and 
on  the  "river"  between  Naples  and  Marco,  is  Crawford's  Key, 
now  better  known  as  the  "Tom  Weeks'  Place,"  and  sometimes 
also  called  the  "Shell  Key."  The  site  is  mentioned  by  Mr. 
Moore  as  having  been  seen  by  him  and  containing  "noteworthy 
aboriginal  shell  deposits"  (p.  12).  There  is  an  old,  abandoned 
house  on  this  place  with  a  dilapidated  landing;  and  there  are 
upwards  of  4  acres  of  "high  land,"  which  on  a  visit  proved  to 
consist  of  six  large,  oblong  heaps  and  mounds,  with  some  addi- 
tional artificially  made  ground  in  the  vicinity.  The  highest 
of  the  mounds  is  located  near  the  middle  of  the  small  island,  is 


Anthropology  of  Florida 21 

at  least  15  feet  high,  and  covers  probably  half  an  acre  of  ground. 
All  of  these  heaps  are  made  up  of  shells,  though  they  also  con- 
tain more  or  less  black  soil  (muck  and  sand).  The  surface  of 
a  part  of  the  high  ground  has  been  affected  by  plowing,  but 
there  was  no  evidence  of  any  excavation.  The  whole  is  plainly 
a  village  site,  the  shell  heaps  having  served  as  elevated  platforms 
for  habitations;  and  it  impresses  one  as  rather  sterile,  so  far  as 
relics  and  skeletal  remains  are  concerned,  in  which,  however,  it 
would  be  easy  to  be  mistaken. 

Key  Marco:  A  little  over  12  miles  S.  E.  of  Naples  is  the 
large  Key  Marco,  one  of  the  best  known  points  archeologically 
on  the  western  Florida  coast,  thanks  especially  to  Cushing's 
explorations.  Mr.  Moore  mentions  the  Key  (pp.  8-13)  but 
does  not  seem  to  have  made  any  special  explorations  there. 
On  the  site  explored  by  Gushing,  near  the  northeastern  extremity 
of  the  Key,  matters  are  very  much  as  he  left  them,  the  main 
depression  where  he  made  his  great  finds  forming  now  an  unat- 
tractive and  unimpressive  pool  filled  with  dark  brown  water. 
A  casual  examination  of  the  ground  in  the  vicinity  indicates 
that  a  large  part  of  this  northwestern  extremity  of  the  island 
was,  and  to  some  extent  still  is  covered  by  Indian  shell  heaps 
and  accumulations.  It  was  undoubtedly  an  important  and 
extensive  Indian  site,  though  as  learned  later  on  by  no  means 
the  most  important  of  the  western  coast,  except  for  Cushing's 
discoveries.  It  had  been  so  affected  by  removal  of  shell  and 
the  activities  of  the  adjoining  settlement  that  little  of  value 
could  now  be  said  about  it.  Indian  remains  on  the  Marco 
Key  are,  however,  not  limited  to  the  point  just  mentioned  and 
which  would  seem  to  deserve  the  name  of  "Cushing's  Point." 
The  term  "pi^e-dwellers"  applied  by  Gushing  to  the  aboriginal 
inhabitants  of  this  point  seems  unmerited.  Gushing's  impor- 
tant collection  of  skulls  of  this  place  could  so  far,  regrettably, 


22  Ales  Hrdlicka 


not  be  located.     (Ultimate  inquiries  make  it  probable  that  there 
were  but  a  few  specimens). 

Caximbas:  Five  miles  southwest  of  Marco  is  the  settlement 
of  Caximbas.  Mr.  Moore  refers  briefly  to  this  site;  the  place 
is  now  owned  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Barfield.  There  are  on  the  property 
approximately  20  acres  of  ground  made  by  the  Indians,  and 
Mr.  Barfield  kindly  conveyed  the  writer  over  this  ground. 
This  has  been  considerably  affected  by  cultivation,  but  it  is 
evident  that  it  was  an  extensive  and  important  Indian  settle- 
ment. Much  of  the  land  seems  to  have  been  made  for  the 
purposes  of  agriculture,  while  other  parts  served  as  platforms 
for  habitations.  There  are  several  trough-like  depressions 
leading  from  between  the  heaps  in  the  direction  of  the  water 
outside  the  key;  they  served  in  all  probability  for  approach  by 
canoes.  The  land  is  sand  mixed  with  muck  and  contains  many 
conch,  clam  and  oyster  shells.  Many  of  the  conchs  show  the 
characteristic  hole  made  by  the  Indians  and  some  a  double 
hole  for  hefting.  Fragments  of  undecorated  pottery  are  com- 
mon. No  burial  place,  or  any  extraordinary  objects  such  as 
those  found  by  Gushing  further  north,  have  as  yet  come  to  light 
at  Caximbas. 

Further  inland  there  are  large  shell  deposits  which  are 
doubtless  also  of  Indian  origin.  Finally  near  the  shore  there  is 
a  high  and  long  sand  ridge,  the  Caximba  "hill,"  a  unique  occur- 
rence in  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands  and  an  excellent  site  for 
Mr.  Barfield's  hotel;  the  indications  are  that  it  is  a  sand  dune 
the  formation  of  which  was  favored  by  a  peculiar  exposure 
towards  the  Gulf. 

Horrs  Island:  Opposite  Caximbas  on  the  south  and  across 
a  moderately  wide  sound  lies  the  as  yet  ill-mapped  Horr's 
Island,  so  named  after  Captain  J.  F.  Horr,  who  very  kindly 
conducted  the  writer  to  his  place  and  showed  him  the  Indian 


Anthropology  of  Florida  23 


remains  that  are  found  on  the  same.     These  consist  of  three 
shell  and  one  sand  mound. 

The  first  of  the  shell  mounds  is  situated  about  700  feet 
east  by  north  from  the  house.  It  is  bluntly  conical,  between 
4  and  5  feet  high,  but  originally  was  somewhat  higher — perhaps 
a  little  over  5  feet,  and  at  the  base  is  about  40  feet  in  diameter. 
It  has  not  as  yet  been  dug  into. 

The  second  and  largest  of  the  three  shell  mounds  is  sit- 
uated about  300  feet  farther  in  the  same  direction.  It  is  some- 
what oblong,  approximately  20  feet  high  and  upwards  of  80 
feet  in  maximum  diameter.  A  great  deal  of  shell  has  been 
removed  from  this  mound  for  roads,  and  during  this  work 
various  archeological  objects  were  discovered,  including  two 
finely  polished  "banner  stones,"  one  of  which  was  still  in  Cap- 
tain Horr's  possession  at  the  time  of  the  writer's  visit.  They 
were  unquestionably  of  much  more  northern  origin.  It  is  not 
known  if  any  human  bones  were  ever  encountered  in  the  mound, 
but  if  so  they  were  inconspicuous.  Several  pieces  of  glass  were, 
however,  found  among  the  shells,  showing  white  man's  contact. 

The  third  shell  mound  is  located  about  half  a  mile  (local 
estimate)  east  of  the  one  just  mentioned.  It  is  conical,  smaller 
than  the  big  mound,  and  located  on  higher  ground.  Some 
shells  were  taken  from  the  edge  of  it,  but  the  work  did  not  pene- 
trate very  far  and  no  finds  are  remembered. 

On  the  eastern  end  of  Horr's  Island,  or  about  2  miles  from 
the  present  house  and  a  short  distance  from  where  the  old 
house  stood,  is  a  sand  mound  (see  Mr.  Moore's  note,  p.  8). 
The  place  is  sometimes  called  "The  Blue  Hills,"  for  which 
term,  however,  there  seems  to  be  little  justification.  It  is 
possible  that  originally  two  sand  mounds  have  existed  in  the 
locality;  at  present,  however,  there  is  but  one,  about  60  feet  in 
diameter  and  perhaps  12  feet  high,  conical,  but  with  the  top 


24  Ales  Hrdlicka 


cut  off  by  some  former  excavation.  The  report  is  that  these 
excavations  had  yielded  human  skulls  and  bones,  and  also 
some  objects  of  white  man's  derivation. 

Goodland  Point:  A  little  over  three  miles  S.  E.  from  Caxim- 
bas,  or  63^  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Marco,  other  extensive  Indian 
remains  in  the  way  of  shell  heaps,  canals,  and  mounds  with 
burials  occur  on  the  so-called  Goodland  Point,  the  whole 
covering  many  acres  of  ground.  Not  far  from  the  house  of  the 
present  inhabitants  on  the  Point  and  between  two  large  shell 
ridges  there  remains  a  short  canal,  doubtless  partly  or  entirely 
of  Indian  making,  which  is  usable  to  this  day  for  small  boats. 
This  place  was  visited  by  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore,  who  con- 
ducted here  some  excavations  that  yielded  archeological  speci- 
mens as  well  as  human  bones,  but  nothing  of  great  importance. 
He  barely  mentions  it  (p.  13).  It  would  seem  to  deserve  a 
comprehensive  survey.  The  amount  of  shell  heaps  and  made 
ground  is  imposing. 

Cape  Romaine:  The  large  key  which  terminates  in  Cape 
Romaine,  S.  S.  W.  of  Key  Marco,  has  been  unanimously  re- 
ported to  the  writer  as  a  low  sandy  beach,  exposed  to  the  storms 
of  the  Gulf  and  containing  no  Indian  remains  that  had  ever 
been  noted. 

Addison  s  Place:  One  of  the  most  extensive  and  interesting 
Indian  shell  deposits,  which  belongs  to  the  Marco  group  and 
should,  therefore,  be  described  in  this  connection,  is  to  be 
found  on  the  so-called  **Addison's  Place,"  on  Macllvaine 
Creek,  approximately  5  miles  east  from  Cushing's  Point  at 
Marco  (Mr.  Moore's  notes,  p.  12, 13).  The  moderate  sized  key  on 
which  the  place  is  located  seems  to  be  without  a  fixed  name.  It 
is  farmed  by  the  good  Addison  family,  a  typical  west  Florida 
coast  group  of  hard-working  parents  with  many  robust  children, 
notwithstanding  the  mosquitoes;  and  it  was  Mrs.  Addison  with 


Anthropology  of  Florida 25 

two  of  her  girls  who  piloted  the  writer  over  the  highly  inter- 
esting and  vast  Indian  formations  which  cover  practically  the 
whole  island,  which  is  about  30  acres  in  area.  They  consist  of 
great  shell  ridges  arranged  in  a  row.  This  row  runs  roughly  east 
and  west  (the  ridges  themselves  pointing  north  and  south), curving 
a  little  about  the  east  end  of  the  island.  Between  each  two 
of  the  ridges  is  a  large  and  deep  trough  which  in  all  probability 
in  the  time  of  the  Indians  was  a  canal  connecting  with  the 
water  outside  of  the  key;  and  in  the  midst  of  the  large  ridges 
not  far  from  the  house  the  troughs  form  a  triangular  "heart- 
like" depression  not  unlike  a  little  central  harbor  or  shelter. 
The  huge  ridges  which  are  probably  over  15  feet  high  with 
four  times  that  breadth  and  many  times  that  length,  make 
a  deep  impression  on  the  observer,  and  the  whole  of  the  remains 
on  this  key  ought  to  be  carefully  mapped  for  archeological 
record,  which  would  possibly  be  worth  more  than  the  results 
of  excavations.  Human  burials  have,  as  far  as  could  be  learned, 
not  yet  been  located  on  this  island. 

On  a  separate  little  key  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  further 
east,  which  also  belongs  to  the  Addisons  who  have  there  their 
grape  fruit  orchard,  there  are  additional  remarkable  remains 
of  handwork  of  the  Indians.  The  area  of  the  key  in  question  is 
said  to  be  about  3  acres.  In  its  middle  is  a  fresh  water  pond; 
and  all  around  this,  to  near  the  outer  limits  of  the  key,  is  Indian 
made  "high  land"  3  to  6  feet  high  above  high  tide  and  built 
of  sandy  muck  with  some  shell  addition.  From  the  pond 
a  couple  of  "gulleys"  lead  in  the  direction  of  the  outside  water- 
course without  now  quite  reaching  it;  they  look  very  much  as 
if  they  may  have  originally,  been  channels  of  approach  to  the 
sheltered  lagoon.  All  this  is  from  a  description  by  Mr.  Addi- 
son, for  due  to  conditions  of  the  tide  the  little  island  could  not 
be  visited. 


26  Ales  Hrdlicka 


Human  bones  and  numerous  "relics"  have  been  found  on 
the  Addison  Place,  and  the  same  was  visited  by  Mr.  Moore, 
but  no  explorations  of  it  were  as  yet  undertaken.  The  family 
themselves  dug  up  a  large  part  of  one  of  the  shell  heaps  for  the 
purpose  of  making  lime,  but  as  could  be  anticipated  discovered 
nothing  striking  in  the  way  of  human  artifacts,  and  there  were 
no  bones. 

General  Remarks:  So  much  for  the  region  from  south  of 
Fort  Myers  to  Key  Marco.  It  is  seen  to  offer  a  number  of 
points  of  decided  interest  to  the  archeologist  and  prospectively 
also  to  the  anthropologist,  in  the  extensive  shell  heaps  and 
mounds  on  the  Mound  Key,  Tom  Weeks'  Place,  Cushing's 
Point  (Marco),  Caximbas,  Goodland  Point,  and  on  the  two 
keys  belonging  to  Mr.  Addison.  The  white  sand  mounds  are 
said  to  stop  a  few  miles  south  of  Naples,  but  the  only  reason  is 
that  further  south  such  sand  would  be  very  hard  to  obtain. 
The  burial  mound  at  "Blue  Hills"  on  Horr's  Island  shows  the 
same  tendency  and  similar  material.  The  place  of  the  beach- 
sand  mound  is  taken  by  the  muck-sand-and-shell  mounds,  which 
occur  as  will  be  seen  later  on  to  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
peninsula.  The  shell  heaps  and  shell  mounds  resemble  closely 
some  of  those  existing  on  the  keys  south  of  Charlotte  Harbor 
and  evidently  belonged  to  people  of  the  same  culture.  With 
the  exception  of  Cushing's  Point  at  Marco  none  of  the  remains 
have  as  yet  received  exhaustive  survey  or  exploration,  the 
main  reason  for  which  being  that  they  yield  generally  rather 
poor  returns  for  the  work,  in  addition  to  which  there  is  the 
damping  influence  of  the  frequent  though  possibly  only  super- 
ficial presence  in  these  places  of  articles  such  as  glass  beads, 
which  indicates  that  the  Indian  population  which  built  these 
sites  persisted  until  well  after  European  contact  had  become 
established. 


Anthropology  of  Florida  27 


INDIAN    REMAINS    FROM    KEY    MARCO    SOUTHWARD 

From  the  southern  extremity  of  Key  Marco  the  Florida 
coast  bends  southeastward  and  describes  an  arc  of  a  wide 
circle  open  towards  the  Gulf.  The  Gulf  for  many  miles  off  the 
coast  here  is  shallow  and  beset  with  dangerous  reefs;  and  for 
miles  between  these  shallows  and  the  mainland  the  concavity 
of  the  bend  of  the  coast  is  occupied  by  the  chain  or  archipelago 
of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  which  represent  a  new  land  in 
various  phases  of  formation.  The  border  of  the  mainland  itself 
is  cut  into  by  a  series  of  short  and  more  or  less  unknown  rivers 
and  creeks,  which  run  generally  from  a  northeasterly  or  easterly 
direction  and  drain  the  cypress  swamps  and  everglades  of  the 
interior. 

These  imperfectly  known  regions  teem  with  insects  and 
other  pests,  but  also  with  fish,  mollusks,  water  fowl  and  many 
land  animals,  which  advantages  of  food  must  have  outweighed 
the  many  disadvantages  and  dangers  of  the  territory  with  the 
Indians.  The  evidence  of  this  is  preserved  in  numerous,  and  in 
places  great  and  archeologically  important,  remains  of  these 
people. 

The  remains  in  question  are  of  two  or  possibly  three  classes. 
The  first  are  simple  shell  heaps,  composed  principally  of  oyster 
shells,  with  a  larger  or  smaller  admixture  of  conchs,  a  few 
clam  shells,  turtle  shells  and  bones  of  fish  and  various  game 
animals.  These  heaps  contain  none  or  but  little  sand  or  soil; 
they  are  generally  in  the  form  of  more  or  less  pronounced, 
extensive  and  generally  parallel  ridges,  the  troughs  between 
which  served  frequently — if  not  invariably — as  canals  which 
facilitated  the  approach  with  canoes.  They  are  from  such 
evidence  as  could  be  gathered  poor  to  almost  sterile  in  archeo- 
logical  or  skeletal  remains  of  the  Indians.  Their  role  was 
doubtless  in  the  main  that  of  platforms  for  habitations  and  for 


28  Ales  Hrdlicka 


protection  against  the  overflowing  waters  during  storms.  They 
were  built  expressly  for  these  purposes,  and  that  partly  of  dead 
shells  brought  to  the  spot  from  the  beach  and  the  oyster  bars, 
and  partly  by  the  refuse  shells  and  bones  of  the  habitations. 

Besides  these  ridges  there  are  found  in  this  region  occasional 
isolated  good-sized  shell  mounds.  These  are  usually  oval,  but 
may  be  almost  circular  in  outline,  have  more  or  less  conical 
form  with  blunt  or  flat  top,  and  range  from  about  ten  to  near 
thirty  feet  in  height.  The  material  of  which  they  are  built  is 
much  the  same  as  that  of  the  shell  heaps.  The  object  of  these 
shell  mounds  has  not  been  determined.  It  is  possible  that  some 
served  as  points  for  observation,  or  signalling,  or  for  ceremonial 
observances,  and  some  perhaps  also  for  habitations  and  burials. 
None  of  these  mounds  have  apparently  as  yet  been  explored. 

The  third  variety  of  Indian  remains  consists  of  blunt,  conical 
mounds  ranging  from  a  few  to  upwards  of  20  feet  in  height, 
and  built,  at  least  so  far  as  external  appearances  indicate, 
principally  of  sandy  muck  and  small  rotten  shells.  It  is  not 
unlikely  that  in  some  of  these  mounds  shell  in  larger  quantities 
may  be  found  in  the  interior,  for  muck  and  sand  were  materials 
much  more  difficult  to  obtain.  These  mounds  contain  possibly 
in  many,  if  not  all  instances,  burials,  but  they  also  have  in  no 
single  instance  as  yet  been  explored  and  their  contents  remain 
unknown. 

In  addition,  there  occur  in  this  region  some  of  the  before- 
mentioned  low  muck-and-shell  heaps  with  burials;  and  in 
connection  with  several  of  the  larger  sites  there  are  indications 
of  ground  made  for  cultivation. 

Notwithstanding  the  visible  importance  of  some  of  the  sites 
and  their  great  extent,  discoveries  of  archeological  specimens  as 
well  as  those  of  skeletal  remains  have  so  far  been  few  and  of 
no    special    value.      Fragments    of   kitchen    pottery,    generally 


Anthropology  of  Florida 29 

undecorated,  while  not  exactly  common,  are  to  be  found  every- 
where, but  complete  vessels  seem  to  be  as  yet  unknown.  The 
most  common  "relics"  are  the  doubly  perforated  conchs  which 
evidently  were  hafted  and  used  for  hammers,  perforators  of 
other  conchs,  hoes,  and  similar  purposes;  and  shell  sinkers  for 
fish  nets  with  which  the  aborigines  were  evidently  well  ac- 
quainted. Stone  objects,  barring  a  rare  importation,  seem 
absent  altogether;  there  is  no  stone  in  these  regions  from  which 
they  could  have  been  manufactured. 

Nearly  all  the  important  sites  were  personally  visited,  and 
although  nothing  like  a  satisfactory  survey  was  in  any  case 
possible  on  account  of  the  insects  and  other  insurmountable 
impediments,  some  notes  could,  nevertheless,  be  made  on  the 
spot  which  may  help  to  give  a  general  idea  of  conditions  and 
be  of  use  to  future  explorers.  In  detail,  the  remains  in  question 
were  found  to  be  as  follows: 

Whitney  River:  Whitney  River  is  a  charming  hidden  stream 
of  brown  clear  water,  rich  in  fish.  Its  mouth  is  located  to  the 
S.  E.  E.  and  not  far  from  the  southernmost  point  of  Key  Marco. 
Its  banks  to  the  water  edge  are  thickly  overgrown  with  man- 
grove and  other  vegetation,  which  during  our  visit  was  studded 
here  and  there  and  enlivened  by  water  fowl  of  pure  white,  rosy, 
blue  and  white  or  blue-gray  plumage.  There  are  no  inhabit- 
ants along  the  stream  and  no  traces  of  any  white  man  ever 
having  lived  there  formerly.  It  is  one  of  the  few  places  missed 
even  by  Mr.  Moore's  **Gopher." 

About  5  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river — but  one  is  never 
sure  about  these  mouths — on  the  northern  bank  of  the  southern 
branch  of  the  stream  and  about  SO  feet  from  the  water's  edge, 
in  swampy  woods,  there  is  a  row  of  highly  interesting  and 
promising  Indian  mounds,  and  of  elevated  platforms  for 
habitations. 


30  Ales  Hrdlicka 


The  first  mound  as  one  proceeds  up  the  river  is  a  well-shaped, 
typical,  conical  heap,  about  15  to  20  feet  high  and  perhaps  60 
feet  in  diameter,  built  of  sandy  muck,  rotten  oyster  shells  and 
shell  detritus.     It  is  absolutely  intact. 

Next  to  this  mound  in  up-stream  direction  and  partly  con- 
nected with  it,  is  an  even  larger  conical  mound,  possibly  25 
feet  high  by  over  80  feet  base,  and  of  the  same  composition. 

Still  a  little  farther  up,  there  is  a  smaller  "heap,"  not  con- 
ical; and  following  this  were  counted  six  heaps  or  mounds,  one 
conical,  the  rest  ridge-like  or  irregular.  These  are  not  exactly 
in  a  line,  but  as  one  proceeds  up-stream  they  turn  inland.  These 
heaps  are  more  shelly,  and  there  are  visible  a  good  many  small 
to  moderate  sized  conchs,  the  rest  being  almost  exclusively 
oyster  shells,  with  more  or  less  soil.  Like  the  conical  mounds, 
they  are  entirely  untouched  by  the  hand  of  the  explorer. 

This  group  of  mounds  and  heaps  is  so  beautifully  situated 
and  is  in  itself  so  characteristic,  that  it  would  seem  admirably 
fit  for  a  little  national  reservation.  Besides  which  it  ought  to 
be  duly  explored,  for  though  there  could  hardly  be  expected 
any  archeological  riches  in  a  moderate  sized  inland  settlement 
of  this  nature,  there  may  be  a  good  many  skeletons. 

Above  this  site  it  is  difficult  if  not  impossible  to  penetrate 
the  river  with  even  a  small  launch,  and  we  had  to  return.  But 
from  information  obtained  from  those  who  have  trapped  over 
this  region  it  appears  that  about  three  miles  above  the  site  just 
described,  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  same  branch  and  not 
far  from  the  bank,  there  is  a  solitary  low  "dirt"  mound;  and 
that  about  a  mile  above  this  and  at  some  distance  from  the 
southern  bank  of  the  stream  there  is  some  "high  ground"  of 
Indian  origin.  It  is  said  that  the  last-named  "high  ground" 
can  be  seen  from  afar  and  that  a  small  "creek"  runs  right  to  it. 


Anthropology  of  Florida 31 

The  exploration  of  the  Whitney  River  was  the  brightest 
spot  of  the  whole  journey. 

Button-wood  Key:  The  Buttonwood  Key  is  situated  on  the 
"Buttonwood  Bay"  off  the  mouth  of  the  Whitney  River,  and 
about  9  miles  S.  E.  of  the  hamlet  of  Marco.  The  Key  is  thickly 
overgrown  with  mangrove  and  other  vegetation,  which  made 
even  a  superficial  survey  of  the  place  difficult.  It  was  seen, 
however,  that  the  Indian  remains  here  are  very  extensive  and 
that  they  consist  of  shell  heaps  and  ridges,  the  majority  of  which 
served  undoubtedly  for  elevated  platforms  for  habitations. 
There  are  also  smaller  heaps,  and  one  particularly  large  one,  in 
which  the  proportion  of  muck  and  sand  seems  to  be  much 
greater  than  in  others. 

There  are  no  real  conical  mounds,  so  far  as  it  was  possible  to 
ascertain,  and  there  were  no  surface  indications  of  burials. 

Shell  Key:  The  Shell  Key  is  located  on  "Shell  Heap  Bay," 
further  below  the  mouth  of  the  Whitney  River,  about  10  miles 
from  Marco  and  5  miles  due  east  of  Cape  Romaine. 

It  was  surveyed  so  far  as  the  jungle  and  myriads  of  mos- 
quitoes would  permit.  Part  of  it  had  at  one  time  been  cultivated. 
It  is  covered  with  extensive  shell  heaps,  ridges  and  platforms, 
built  up  mainly  of  oyster  shells  with  a  smaller  proportion  of 
conchs  and  few  clams.  The  heaps,  etc.,  are  generally  connected 
and  resemble  much  those  on  the  not  far  distant  Buttonwood  Key. 
No  isolated  conical  mounds  were  detected. 

A  good  survey  of  the  place  would  probably  prove  instructive; 
but  the  site  would  first  have  to  be  well  cleared  of  vegetation. 

Dismal  Key:  Dismal  Key  lies  something  over  13  miles  S.  E. 
of  Cushing's  Point  on  Key  Marco.  It  has  been  visited  by 
Clarence  B.  Moore,  though  he  makes  but  a  brief  mention  of 
this  occasion  and  gives  no  description  (p.  18,  13).  About  60  acres 
of  ground  on  this  Key,  according  to  the  estimate  of  the  present 


32  Ales  Hrdlicka 


owner,  are  covered  with  Indian  shell  ridges,  accumulations  and 
mounds.  A  large  part  of  this  high  ground  is  now  cultivated  and 
known,  after  the  present  owner,  as  Gandeese's  or  simply  Deese's 
Place.  It  is  plainly  a  site  of  a  large  aboriginal  settlement.  The 
ridges  and  heaps,  as  far  as  they  could  be  examined,  were  seen  to 
be  built  of  oysters,  with  many  conchs,  few  clam  shells,  some 
turtle  shells,  fish  and  animal  bones.  In  one  of  the  largest  ridges, 
to  the  east  of  the  house,  two  moderate-sized  pits  have  been  dug 
in  from  the  side,  possibly  by  Mr.  Moore's  men;  they  show  the 
ridge  to  be  composed  almost  exclusively  of  tightly  packed  shells 
and  so  far  as  archeological  specimens  are  concerned  the  excava- 
tion must  have  been  quite  unproductive. 

According  to  the  present  inhabitants  on  the  Key,  who  how- 
ever have  been  there  only  a  short  time,  no  human  skeletons  have 
yet  been  discovered  on  the  place;  but  occasionally  they  find 
"relics"  and  fragments  of  pottery. 

The  site  surely  deserves  a  mapping  and  closer  attention. 

Pumpkin  Key:  The  Pumpkin  Key  is  situated  on  Pumpkin 
Key  River — which  resembles  the  Whitney — about  4  miles  east 
from  Deese's  Place.  It  is  located  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river 
and  an  old  abandoned  house  shows  that  the  place  was  not  long 
ago  inhabited  by  a  white  settler;  the  property  now  belongs  to 
Mr.  Barfield,  of  Caximbas.  The  house  and  the  place  have  a  bad 
reputation  for  rattlesnakes,  which  seem  to  be  more  numerous  on 
certain  of  these  islands  than  on  others. 

The  site  is  covered  with  extensive  shell  heaps,  some  in  the 
nature  of  mounds,  others  in  the  form  of  ridges,  and  still  others 
in  that  of  elevated  platforms.  These  remains  cover  many  acres 
of  ground,  and  sufficient  muck  has  been  mingled  with  the  shells 
to  permit  of  cultivation.  Some  of  the  heaps  and  ridges  are, 
however,  much  more  shelly  than  others.  The  rank  vegetation 
and  my  guide's  apprehension  of  the  rattlers  made  a  good  survey 


Anthropology  of  Florida  33 


of  the  place  quite  impossible;  but,  like  the  Dismal  Key,  it  would 
seem  to  deserve  closer  attention. 

Gomez  Key:  In  proceeding  southward  and  southwestward,  we 
passed  at  some  distance  the  Gomez  Key,  so  named  after  a  pirate, 
on  which  there  are  said  to  be  some  "high  land"  and  shell  heaps. 
It  was  planned  to  visit  this  key  on  the  return  journey,  which, 
however,  proved  impracticable.  Mr.  Moore  mentions  (p.  6) 
that  there  are  extensive  shell  deposits  partly  surrounding  a 
basin  that  fills  with  the  rising  tide. 

The  Fakahatchee,  Thompson  and  Ellis  Places:  Our  route 
followed  towards  the  Fakahatchee  (or  "Fikahatchee")  Island 
and  River  (noted  briefly  by  Mr.  Moore,  pp.  8,  12,  13).  On  the 
island  we  stopped  at  "Joe  Thompson's  Place,"  which  was  found  to 
be  another  old,  extensive  Indian  site  with  shell  heaps,  shell-muck- 
and-sand  mounds,  and  other  accumulations.  A  good-sized  and 
rather  steep  conical  mound,  perhaps  20  feet  high,  is  located  near 
the  house  and  digging  in  it  by  the  settlers  is  said  to  have  resulted 
in  the  discovery  of  human  bones. 

A  little  farther  on  and  facing  a  fine  bay  is  the  pleasant  home 
of  Mr.  J.  B.  Ellis.  About  150  yards  east  of  the  Ellis  house  is  an 
isolated,  good-sized  ridge  constructed  almost  exclusively  of  oyster 
shells.  It  is  about  200  feet  long  and  80  feet  broad,  by  12  to  15  feet 
high.  The  surface  of  this  ridge  was  once  cultivated  and  plowed 
over,  which  work,  however,  yielded  so  far  as  remembered  no 
bones  or  other  specimens.  This  mound  is  of  very  regular  outline 
and  has  not  as  yet  been  dug  into  by  any  explorer. 

Across  the  Bay  from  the  Ellis  place,  on  a  point  between  the 
Fakahatchee  and  East  Rivers,  is  the  Down's  Place,  where  a 
stop  was  made  over  night.  The  point  shows  but  slight  traces  of 
Indians.  About  four  miles  up  the  Fakahatchee  River  there  is, 
however,  reported  a  shell-and-soil  mound. 


34  Ales  Hrdlicka 


Ferguson  River:  A  few  miles  S.  E.  of  Down's  Place  is  the  small 
Ferguson  River,  and  a  short  distance  up  this  stream  is  reported 
a  fair  sized  shell-and-soil  mound,  with  some  shell  heaps. 

To  the  west  (or  slightly  N.  W.)  of  the  Ferguson  River  is 
Russels  Island,  on  which,  according  to  Mr.  Moore  (p.  9,  12, 13), 
and  also  the  writer's  informants,  there  are  extensive  shell  heaps 
and  mounds;  and  between  Russels  Island  and  Tiger  Key  other 
shell  heaps  are  said  to  exist  on  a  key,  the  name  of  which,  if  it  has 
any,  could  not  be  determined. 

To  the  southwest  of  Ferguson  River  is  the  Sand  Fly  Pass, 
and  on  one  of  the  keys  in  its  vicinity  is  the  so-called  "Boggass 
Place'*  where  a  shell-and-soil  mound  and  shell  heaps  are  reported. 

Allen*s  River:  This  river  lies  a  short  distance  S.  E.  of  the 
Ferguson,  and  is  mainly  notable  on  account  of  the  beautiful 
little  settlement  near  its  mouth  known  as  the  "Everglades." 
It  is  here  that  the  writer  had  the  good  fortune  of  meeting  Mr. 
George  W.  Storter  to  whom  he  is  indebted  for  much  valuable 
information.  Mr.  Storter  is  the  hotel  and  store-keeper  of  the 
place,  an  old-timer  in  the  region  and  one  of  the  best  friends  of  the 
Seminole  Indians,  the  first  representatives  of  whom  were  met 
with  at  his  place. 

The  short  and  picturesque  Allen  River  is  of  no  great  im- 
portance to  archeology.  About  5  or  6  miles  up  the  river  from 
Everglades  there  are  several  low  shell  heaps  of  moderate  size, 
which  in  this  flat  country  bear  the  exaggerated  name  of  "Black 
Hills."  In  visiting  these  inconspicuous  heaps  we  found  them 
quite  uninteresting,  but  on  them  were  three  Seminole  huts  with 
an  abandoned  orange  grove  in  full  bearing  in  the  vicinity,  and 
the  fruit  of  the  latter  constituted  some  compensation  for  our 
journey  (PI.  II). 

About  2>^  miles  S.  E.  of  Allen's  River  is  the  Halfway  Creek, 
on  which,  well  up  stream,  there  is  reported  an  Indian  mound  said 
to  cover  about  a  quarter  of  an  acre. 


PLATE  II.    Seminole  Hut,  Allen's  River 


^, 


u 


E 


Anthropology  of  Florida 35 

Chokaloskee  Island:  The  region  now  entered  and  for  15  miles 
S.  E.  of  Allen's  River,  appears  to  have  been  one  of  the  most 
important  centers  of  Indian  settlements  on  the  southwestern 
coast  of  the  peninsula.  It  shows  site  after  site  of  Indian  occupa- 
tion, and  some  of  these  are  of  great  extent  as  well  as  of  evident 
importance,  though  strangely  lacking  as  everything  else  in  these 
regions  in  the  earmarks  of  a  really  old  age. 

West  and  south  of  Allen's  River  is  a  large  bay,  and  3  miles 
across  this  brings  one  to  the  favorably  situated  Chokaloskee 
Island,  along  the  shores  of  which  are  scattered  the  nice  red- 
roofed  cottages  of  the  local  fishermen.  The  area  of  the  island, 
which,  lying  between  two  large  bays,  forms  a  natural  center  of 
the  whole  region,  is  105  acres,  and  at  least  80  acres  of  this  is 
covered  with  great  Indian  shell  ridges,  mounds  and  other 
accumulations.  Much  of  this  has  now  been  plowed  over  or 
otherwise  affected  by  white  men's  occupation,  but  what  remains 
is  still  most  impressive.  The  place  should,  by  all  means,  be 
mapped  out  by  a  competent  archeologist  or  surveyor  before 
buildings  and  the  removal  of  shells  for  various  purposes  will 
obliterate  its  original  aspect  still  further.  It  must  have  been 
quite  a  metropolis  of  the  Indians. 

On  the  southwestern  extremity  of  the  island  and  close  to  the 
water's  edge,  stands  a  remarkable  steep-sided  shell  mound, 
over  25  feet  high  (Mr.  Moore  gives  27,  pp.  9, 10, 13)  and  cov- 
ering considerable  ground.  Its  base  is  oval  in  outline,  and  the 
platform  on  the  top  is  close  to  90  feet  in  its  longer  and  approxi- 
mately 25  feet  in  its  shorter  diameter.  The  mound  is  built  of 
oyster  shells  (in  the  main),  but  the  flat  top  is  covered  with  sand, 
muck  and  ashes.  This  top  may  have  been  used  for  some  special 
habitation;  but  whether  or  not,  it  made  a  fine  point  for  observa- 
tions and  possibly  also  for  some  ceremonies,  as  well  as  signalling. 

To  the  southwest  of  this  mound  a  canal  leads  from  the  bay 
towards  a  pond  in  the  interior  of  the  island;  and  there  had  been 


36  Ales  Hrdlicka 


in  all  probability  other  channels  that  lead  among  the  shell  heaps. 
In  Mr.  Moore's  words,  the  canal  runs  between  two  graded  ways, 
which  "terminate  in  mounds  facing  each  other.  The  eastern- 
most mound,  slightly  the  higher,  on  its  western  side,  where  it 
rises  from  the  canal,  has  a  slope  of  31  degrees.  Its  height  above 
the  level  of  the  bottom  of  the  canal  is  18  feet  4  inches  and  22 
feet  4  inches  above  low  water  level." 

The  settlers  on  Chokaloskee  Island  in  promiscuous  digging 
have  found  numerous  relics,  and  on  the  western  side  of  the  island, 
on  property  now  belonging  to  Mr.  C.  S.  Smallwood,  there  were 
plowed  up  in  black  soil  human  bones  belonging  probably  to 
various  skeletons;  unfortunately  these  were  not  preserved.  The 
site  may  yet  some  day  yield  something  rivalling  the  finds  at 
Cushing's  Point. 

The  keys  to  the  west  and  southwest  of  Chokaloskee  Island 
are  said  to  be  poor  in  Indian  remains,  though  they  may  bear 
some  low  shell  heaps.  To  this  there  are,  however,  two  exceptions. 
About  2>^  miles  N.  W.  of  the  island  is  the  already  mentioned 
Sand  Fly  Pass,  with  rather  extensive  shell  deposits;  and  further 
northwest,  about  1>^  or  2  miles  from  the  Gulf  and  on  the  south 
side  of  West  Pass,  there  is  reported  a  good  sized  shell  mound 
which  has  not  yet  been  examined. 

Turner's  River:  The  paucity  of  Indian  remains  to  the  west 
of  Chokaloskee  Island  is  more  than  compensated  for  by  the  rich- 
ness of  those  to  the  east  and  southeast. 

Directly  southeast  of  the  Island  is  the  mouth  of  Turner's 
River,  and  about  half  a  mile  up  the  river  on  the  southern  bank 
there  is  the  most  noteworthy  group  of  shell  heaps  and  mounds 
to  be  found  in  the  entire  region.  From  its  present  inhabitants 
this  site  is  known  as  the  "Brown  s  Place."  At  the  edge  of  it  there 
is  a  poor  frame  house  in  which  our  party  found  the  kind,  nu- 
merous and  at  that  time  both  mosquito  and  influenza-ridden 
family  of  Mr.  Brown.    Notwithstanding  the  illness,  however,  we 


Anthropology  of  Florida  37 


were  received  in  a  very  friendly  way  and  Mr.  Brown  accompanied 
us  over  the  ground  which  in  part  was  being  cultivated,  but  in  a 
larger  part  was  overgrown  by  weeds  or  jungle. 

The  remarkable  remains  here  are  intact  except  over  a  part 
of  the  least  important  shell  accumulations  which  have  been 
plowed  over;  and  they  show  more  plainly  than  any  other  remains 
seen  along  the  coast  a  definite  system  and  organization.  They 
consist  essentially  of  a  row  of  7  (there  may  have  been  originally 
8  or  9)  low  but  conspicuous  shell  ridges  of  much  regularity;  and 
of  two  parallel  rows  of  large,  uniform,  conical  mounds,  running 
in  the  same  direction  as  the  shell  heaps,  and  one  ending  slightly 
beyond  these,  while  the  other  continues  into  the  inland  man- 
grove swamp. 

These  various  structures — and  they  seem  fully  to  deserve 
that  name — begin  close  to  the  bank  of  the  river,  and  the  depres- 
sions between  them  may  have  been  used  originally  for  approach 
by  canoes. 

The  shell  heaps  are  as  regular  as  so  many  swells  of  the  ocean 
following  each  other,  and  are  constructed  of  the  usual  material, 
namely,  oyster  shells  with  some  conchs,  a  few  clams,  bones,  etc. 
Some  muck  and  sand  among  the  shells  permits  of  cultivation. 

Above  and  parallel  with  these  uniform  low  shell  ridges  is  the 
first  straight  row  of  8  or  9  conical,  muck-sand-and-shell  mounds, 
which,  so  far  as  could  be  estimated,  are  about  12  to  15  feet  high 
by  60  to  70  feet  in  diameter  at  base.  They  are  isolated,  /.  ^.,  not 
connected  with  each  other,  about  equal  distance  apart  and  quite 
uniform  in  character. 

Above  this  row  of  mounds  is  a  broader  depression,  in  which 
there  are  three  large  and  somewhat  irregular  shell  heaps,  which, 
however,  are  far  from  filling  the  space.  And  beyond  the  depres- 
sion there  is  a  second  longer  row  of  conical,  isolated  equidistant 
and  very  uniform  mounds,  extending  from  near  the  river  into 


Figure  1.   Shell  Heaps  and  Mounds  on  Brown's  Place,  Turner's  River 


Anthropology  of  Florida 39 

the  swampy  woods  in  the  distance.  This  wonderful  row  is, 
according  to  Mr.  Brown,  over  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long.  The 
individual  mounds  resemble  closely  those  of  the  first  row,  but 
seem  to  be  even  more  regular  and  more  nearly  circular.  Like  the 
former  they  are  built  of  sandy  muck  with  some  shell  admixture. 
Regrettably  the  richer  ground  of  all  these  mounds,  of  both  rows, 
favors  vegetation  so  much  that  a  good  photograph  of  them,  or 
even  a  good  extended  survey  was  impossible.  But  their  arrange- 
ment, uniformity  and  intactness  left  a  deep  impression. 

A  few  relics  have  been  accidentally  discovered  on  this  most 
interesting  site,  but  no  human  bones  were  as  yet  found,  or  any 
rarer  specimens,  which  has  been  fortunate,  favoring  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  works;  but  this  immunity  may  not  be  of  long  duration. 

The  site  is  so  characteristic,  so  easily  approached  and  prob- 
ably so  important  to  science,  that  steps,  it  would  seem,  ought  to 
be  taken  to  preserve  it  for  posterity,  which  could  best  be  done 
by  making  it  a  national  reservation.  The  expense  of  this  at 
present  would  be  insignificant;  and  little  time  should  be  lost  in 
having  it  carefully  surveyed,  which  could  be  done  with  no  great 
cost  or  difficulty  at  a  time  when  the  mosquito  pest  abates  in 
some  measure. 

Upper  Turner  s  River:  About  4  miles  up  the  river  from 
Brown's  Place  is  a  moderate  sized  mound,  built  of  small 
shells,  but  mostly  soil,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river  and  near 
its  edge.  Traces  of  Indian  camping  grounds  it  is  said  occur  also 
at  other  spots  along  the  lower  stretches  of  the  river. 

About  6  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  and  on  its  southern 
bank,  there  is  reported  a  rather  prominent  "heap"  which  prob- 
ably represents  an  Indian  site. 

About  7  miles  from  the  mouth  is  a  piece  of  high  ground  known 
as  "Mount  Pleasant."  It  represents  accumulations  of  Indian 
origin.  And  about  half  a  mile  farther  north,  on  the  northern 
bank,  there  is  a  moderate-sized  mound. 


40  Ales  Hrdlicka 


At  the  head  of  the  Turner  River,  in  Section  36,  Township  52, 
south  30  E.  (located  by  the  Dept.  Agriculture  Map),  or  9  miles 
approximately  N.  E.  and  E.  of  the  mouth  of  the  river,  in  a 
cypress  swamp,  are  reported  several  large  Indian  mounds  or 
heaps.  One  of  these  is  described  as  a  good-sized  conical  mound, 
which  may  possibly  contain  burials. 

Finally,  about  half  a  mile  still  further  up  the  river,  which 
now  has  become  a  mere  creek,  and  on  its  southern  side,  is  the 
Mc Kinney's  Place ^  where  a  lot  of  human  bones  has  been  discov- 
ered in  a  small  elevation.  According  to  Mr.  Ellis,  the  burial 
"mound"  on  McKinney's  Place  was  only  about  2}i  feet  high. 
It  was  composed  of  dirt  and  rotten  leaves  and  contained  many 
human  bones.  The  surface  of  the  heap  was  cultivated  and  the 
bones  uncovered  were  thrown  aside;  but  the  deposit  has  not  been 
exhausted. 

According  to  Mr.  Storter,  there  is  also  an  Indian  mound  on 
Robert's  Creek^  about  18  miles  E.  of  Turner's  River. 

Barnes  River:  To  the  southeast  of  Chokaloskee  Bay  is  the 
Barnes  River.  Not  far  from  what  is  regarded  as  the  mouth  of 
this  river  and  about  3  miles  from  the  Chokaloskee  Island,  on  a 
nameless  key,  is  the  so-called  Lopez  Place^  on  which  are  reported 
about  15  acres  of  shell  heaps  and  mounds.  Some  of  the  shell 
heaps  are  said  to  be  of  good  size. 

On  the  southeast  extremity  of  the  Island  and  about  four 
miles  from  the  Lopez  Place  there  is  said  to  be  another  site  with 
shell  heaps,  known  as  the  House's  Hammock.  Some  bones 
(human?)  have  been  here  recovered. 

Neither  of  these  places  could  be  visited. 

About  6  miles  up  Barnes  River  is  reported  a  "dirt" 
mound,  with  possibly  some  shells,  covering  one-fourth  acre  or 
more.  It  is  located  about  one-half  mile  N.  E.  of  the  stream  on 
the  edge  of  the  swamp. 


Anthropology  of  Florida 41 

New  River:  Southeast  of  Barnes  River  and  running  parallel 
with  it  is  the  rather  insignificant  New  River,  and  at  the  head  of 
this,  about  2  miles  from  Sunday  Bay,  on  the  southern  bank  of 
the  stream  and  close  to  its  bank,  is  mentioned  a  moderate- 
sized  Indian  mound  composed  mostly  of  soil  with  some  shells. 

About  2  miles  S.  E.  from  the  head  of  New  River  there  is, 
according  to  R.  E.  Hamilton,  a  large  mound  which  he  estimates 
to  be  at  least  20  feet  high,  with  "high  land"  all  around.  The 
whole  is  situated  in  a  mangrove  swamp  with  a  small  creek  or 
canal  leading  to  it. 

A  short  distance  further  south  is  the  Howard  Wood  Creek  on 
which,  about  4  miles  due  E.  from  House's  Hammock  and  about 
2  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  is  reported  an  Indian 
mound  situated  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  creek. 

Chatham  Bend:  A  prominent  water  course  somewhat  further 
south  is  known  as  the  Chatham  Bend  "River."  This  river  and 
the  so-called  North  Pass  unite  at  an  angle  and  the  prominent 
land  forming  this  angle  is  the  ''Watson  s  Place,'  locally  famous  for 
a  number  of  murders  which  some  years  ago  were  committed  on 
it  and  in  its  vicinity.  Mr.  Moore  mentions  it  in  one  of  his 
reports  (p.  10). 

The  beautiful  promontory  is  covered  with  Indian  remains, 
mainly  shell  and  shell-and-muck  heaps,  which  however  have 
been  largely  plowed  down  and  are  covered  with  cane  fields  and 
other  cultivation.  The  present  tender  of  the  place,  Mr.  Trueman 
Ivey,  estimates  the  total  of  ground  covered  here  by  Indian 
remains  at  about  40  acres.  Beyond  the  northern  limit  of  the 
now  mostly  formless  accumulations  there  are  still  two  well- 
preserved,  large  low  oval  shell-soil  platforms  or  mounds,  of 
unknown  purpose  and  contents. 

Miller  s  Point:  There  is  no  record  of  any  human  bones  having 
ever  been  discovered  on  Watson's  Place,  but  a  short  distance 


42  Ales  Hrdlicka 


west  of  the  place  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  there  is  a 
little  promontory  known  as  Miller  s  Point,  and  about  400  yards 
further  down  along  the  bank,  near  the  mouth  of  a  little  creek, 
there  is  a  low,  long  burial  heap.  It  is  located  almost  at  the  edge 
of  the  river  and  can  be  located  without  much  difficulty.  Its 
height  is  only  about  2  feet,  but  it  is  approximately  30  feet  broad 
and  several  times  that  in  length.  It  is  now  overgrown  with 
mangrove,  but  excavations  here  would  doubtless  prove  fertile 
so  far  as  skeletal  remains  are  concerned.  A  few  years  ago  four 
skulls  were  taken  from  the  surface  of  this  mound,  and  later  on  a 
skeleton.  The  writer  found  some  human  bones  on  the  surface, 
but  the  mosquitoes  and  lack  of  all  help  made  excavation  at  the 
time  out  of  question. 

Chevalier  Place:  To  the  south  of  Chatham  Bend  River  and 
the  Chevalier  Bay,  is  a  narrow  arm  of  water  known  as  the 
Chevalier  Pass,  and  the  land  to  the  west  of  this,  with  an  old 
ramshackle,  abandoned  house,  is  known  as  the  "Chevalier 
Place."  Most  of  this  consists  of  elevated  ground  partly  made 
by  the  Indians  and  partly  by  former  white  settlers  from  older 
Indian  accumulations.  A  little  over  100  yards  W.  of  the  house 
and  just  beyond  the  clearing  there  still  stand  5  oblong  good- 
sized  "hills,"  made  of  oyster  shell,  conchs  and  soil.  Four  are 
intact,  while  the  fifth  shows  a  small  excavation.  It  is  said  that 
a  much  larger  mound  has  been  distributed  over  the  land  by  the 
white  owners,  but  it  is  not  known  what,  if  anything,  had  been 
discovered  in  it  in  the  way  of  Indian  remains.  Some  low  shell 
heaps  are  also  found  along  the  edge  of  the  water. 

Gopher  Key:  The  name  "gopher"  is  applied  in  these  regions 
to  a  large  land  turtle.  Gopher  Key  is  about  3^  to  4  miles  W. 
or  slightly  S.  W.  of  Chevalier  Place,  and  is  so  hidden  that  it  can 
only  be  found  with  an  experienced  guide  and  some  good  fortune. 
The  way  to  it  leads  through  Chevalier  Pass,  over  a  small,  rotten 
sulphur-smelling  "pocket"  to  the  right  of  the  pass,  along  a  long, 


u 


Anthropology  of  Florida  43 


narrow,  almost  obstructed  "lost"  channel  leading  through 
mangrove  swamps,  and  over  two  oblong  shallow  "bays" — a 
hidden  little  world  which  is  a  paradise  of  birds,  fish,  alligators 
and  mosquitoes.  The  key  can  only  be  approached  in  a  very  light 
skiff.  It  is  about  3  miles  inland  from  the  Gulf,  and  was  originally 
a  low  inconspicuous  mangrove  swamp  such  as  all  those  in  the 
neighborhood. 

The  landing  place  on  the  key  is  unpretentious.  It  is  marked 
by  the  remnants  of  an  old  blown  down  shack,  near  which  there 
are  a  number  of  small  piles  of  clam  shells,  possibly  deposited 
there  by  the  white  settlers  who  once  braved  the  locality.  Some- 
what further  inland  there  is  a  rich  abandoned  grapefruit  orchard 
and  a  field,  and  these  are  located  on  one  of  the  most  interesting 
and  imposing  groups  of  mounds  and  heaps  that  exist  in  the  Ten 
Thousand  Islands. 

Among  the  artificial  elevations  the  nearest  is  a  black  soil 
ridge  or  ridge-platform,  perhaps  200  feet  long  by  100  feet  in 
width  at  the  broadest  part,  and  composed  of  rich  mucky  soil. 
To  the  S.  W.  of  this  is  seen  a  small  heap  exclusively  of  conchs. 
Connected  with  the  ridge  to  the  N.  and  running  E.  and  W.,  is  a 
good  sized  ridge  of  conchs,  and  N.  of  this,  over  a  trough  about 
7  feet  deep,  is  another  conch  ridge  running  parallel  with  the 
preceding  and  extending  northward  in  the  form  of  a  heap- 
plateau.  Other  elevations,  some  regular  and  bluntly  conical, 
some  ridge-like,  and  some  in  the  form  of  irregular  platforms,  are 
located  in  a  northern  and  western  direction.  On  another  black 
soil  ridge  to  the  north  were  seen  old  ashes;  and  not  far  distant  is 
a  good  sized,  conical  mound,  about  20  feet  in  diameter  at  the 
base,  built  entirely  of  conchs — so  far  as  learned  a  unique  occur- 
rence for  such  a  structure  on  this  coast.  Some  of  the  mounds  of 
the  complex  are  upwards  of  12  feet  in  height  and  of  imposing 
mass.  The  whole  site  looks  important  and  surely  deserves  a 
careful  survey  as  well  as  exploration.     It  would  make,  with  its 


44  Ales  Hrdlicka 


approaches  and  surroundings,  an  excellent  mound-bird-and- 
virgin-nature  reservation. 

Across  the  creek  to  the  west  of  Gopher  Key  and  about  500 
yards  up  the  stream,  near  where  two  creeks  meet,  on  the  northern 
bank,  there  is  an  oblong  good  sized  oyster  shell  and  soil  mound, 
approximately  90  feet  long  by  30  across  and  about  5  feet  in 
height,  which  was  reported  to  be  a  burial  place.  A  small  excava- 
tion made  by  someone  in  the  past  showed  only  shells,  but  it  is 
said  that  some  bones  had  been  discovered. 

Shell  piles  occur  at  several  places  along  the  banks  on  the 
Gopher  Key,  and  from  the  western  side  of  the  island  several 
probably  partly  or  wholly  artificial  troughs  or  channels  can  be 
discerned  which  evidently  served  for  the  approach  of  canoes. 
One  or  two  of  the  unnamed  keys  in  the  vicinity  are  said  also  to 
contain  shell  accumulations. 

Lossman  s  River:  Below  Gopher  Key  no  Indian  remains  of 
consequence  are  known  until  one  reaches  near  the  mouth  of 
Lossman's  River.  To  the  N.  W.  of  this  are  the  so-called  Wood 
Key  and  Porpoise  Point  where  are  located  the  Hamiltons,  local 
fishermen.  Eastward  across  the  bay,  on  a  key  which  seems  to 
have  no  definite  name,  though  sometimes  referred  to  as  St.  Mary's 
Island,  is  the  place  of  Eugene  Hamilton,  and  on  this  are  located 
Indian  accumulations  of  considerable  interest. 

The  last  mentioned  place  is  approached  through  a  narrow 
creek  about  400  to  500  yards  long,  and  over  a  recently  made  shell 
path  which  leads  to  the  Hamilton's  house.  The  house  itself 
stands  on  a  demolished  shell  heap,  while  other  shell  heaps  are  to 
the  right  of  the  house  at  some  distance.  To  the  left  of  the  house 
and  about  150  feet  from  it,  is  a  large  black  soil  ridge  extending 
for  several  hundred  feet  in  the  direction  of  the  creek  and  curving 
along  the  bank  of  this.  Through  this  ridge  has  been  made  a 
narrow  road  and  some  relics  as  well  as  bones  were  found  during 
the  excavation. 


A^  ^ 


Anthropology  of  Florida 45 

The  Indian-made  ground  here  covers  on  the  whole,  according 
to  the  estimate  of  the  owners,  about  20  acres.  In  addition,  to 
the  N.  E.  of  the  clearing  and  well  in  the  mangrove  swamp,  is  a 
very  large  nearly  circular  and  uniform  shell  and  soil  mound, 
which  thus  far  is  entirely  intact  and  the  significance  and  contents 
of  which  are  uncertain. 

On  the  return  journey  it  was  observed  that  the  creek  or 
canal  leading  to  the  place  is  so  regular  that  possibly  it  had  been 
modified  if  not  made  by  the  Indians.  The  hidden  nature  of  the 
whole  place  deep  in  the  swamps  suggests  strongly  a  fear  of 
enemies. 

This  place  also  seems  well  worth  a  careful  exploration. 

Lossmaris  Key:  Just  south  of  Lossman's  River  is  the  so- 
called  Lossman's  Key,  on  the  northern  end  of  which  are  shell 
accumulations  of  an  old  Indian  site.  Mr.  Moore  says  (pp.  10, 
13)  they  consist  of  "large,  level  causeways  and  platforms  of 
shell."     They  were  not  seen. 

Royal  Palm  Hammock:  About  two  miles  up  from  the  mouth 
of  Lossman's  River  and  about  ^  mile  to  the  south  of  this,  there 
is  the  last  remarkable  Indian  site  known  to  exist  along  the  coast. 
It  is  an  oasis  deep  in  the  mangrove  swamps  which,  from  some 
royal  palms  growing  on  it,  is  known  as  the  Royal  Palm  Hammock. 
Others,  however,  call  it  Johnson's  Hammock,  after  a  settler  who 
at  one  time  had  the  hardihood  to  claim  it.  Today  the  place  is 
abandoned  and  most  difficult  of  approach.  It  is  necessary  to 
leave  the  launch  far  away  in  the  shallow  bay,  and  then  proceed 
for  about  half  a  mile  through  a  small  creek  or  canal  on  a  light 
skiflF.  After  that  the  channel  becomes  obstructed  and  it  is 
necessary  to  advance  a  long  distance  along  an  old  path  between 
the  canal  and  an  oozy,  ill-ventilated,  mosquito  infested  swamp. 
The  writer  was  accompanied  on  this  journey  by  Henry  Shaw,  a 
local  colored  trapper  and  hunter,  but  by  the  time  the  Indian 
ground  was  reached,  both  of  us  were  pretty  well  "done  up." 


46  Ales  Hrdlicka 


The  swarms  of  mosquitoes  against  which  no  remedy  or  exertion 
seemed  to  avail  and  the  poisonous  air  along  the  damp  path  where 
the  sun  never  penetrates,  were  all  that  a  strong  man  could  bear, 
and  by  the  time  the  launch  was  reached  again  the  effects  of  the 
journey  were  marked,  in  one  of  us  at  least,  by  retching,  headache 
and  general  depression.  Under  such  circumstances  it  will  be 
quite  evident  that  not  much  exploration  of  the  jungle  of  John- 
son's Hammock  could  be  attempted.  There  were  seen  there, 
however,  some  remarkably  large  and  steep  shell  heaps,  wonderful 
productions  when  one  reflects  that  all  the  shells  had  to  be  brought 
there  from  a  long  distance.  There  are  said  to  be  about  40  acres 
there  of  artificially  made  Indian  ground.  Perhaps  some  day  it 
may  be  possible  to  carry  out  a  satisfactory  survey  of  this  locality. 
Its  hidden  nature  reflects  even  more  than  that  of  the  site  on 
Eugene  Hamilton's  place  the  fear  of  the  Indians  for  their  safety; 
no  other  reason  would  seem  to  have  been  weighty  enough  to 
induce  them  to  choose  such  a  distant  and  pest-ridden  place  for 
the  site  of  their  village. 

The  only  finds  reported  from  the  place  were  some  old  white 
man's  objects,  possibly  of  Spanish  origin. 

Other  Indian  Remains  Along  the  Lossmans  River:  Besides  the 
above  there  were  reported  to  the  writer  the  following  additional 
aboriginal  remains  along  the  stream  under  consideration: 

About  a  mile  from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  on  its  southern 
bank,  is  a  shell  and  soil  mound  or  ridge. 

About  2}4  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  and  on  its 
northern  bank,  there  are  about  5  acres  of  shell  ridges  and  high 
land  made  by  the  Indians. 

About  7  miles  N.  E.  and  E.  from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  on 
"Onion  Key,"  is  an  Indian  camp  site  with  some  shell  and  soil 
accumulations. 


Anthropology  of  Florida 47 

Finally,  about  12  to  15  miles  up  the  river,  on  the  mainland, 
there  is  a  good  sized  conical  mound  of  shell  and  soil  (another  in- 
former spoke  of  this  mound  as  being  on  "Rocky  Creek"). 

Lossmans  River  to  the  Southern  Extremity  of  the  Peninsula: 
The  part  of  the  coast  south  of  Lossman's  River  is  but  little 
known.  It  is  said  to  be  even  more  swampy  or  difficult  of  ap- 
proach than  the  region  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands.  According 
to  unanimous  reports  of  the  local  hunters  and  fishermen,  how- 
ever, it  contains  no  Indian  remains  of  magnitude  or  importance. 
Mr.  Moore,  who  circumnavigated  the  point,  found  none. 
The  only  known  remains  to  the  few  local  men  who  have  been 
over  this  territory  are  an  Indian  site  with  some  accumulations 
N.  or  N.  E.  of  the  mouth  of  Rogers  River;  a  small  Indian  site 
at  the  head  of  Harney  River,  about  20  miles  inland;  and  a  few 
isolated  heaps  in  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Sable. 

Neither  Mr.  Ellis  nor  Mr.  Storter,  both  of  whom  have  been 
through  the  region  about  White  Water  Bay,  Cape  Sable  and  the 
southern  coast  of  the  peninsula,  knew  there  of  any  Indian 
remains  worth  mentioning,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  "mounds" 
and  an  old  canal  on  the  edge  of  "Mud  Lake"  near  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  Cape  (Ellis).  Possibly  this  is  the  same  site 
which  has  been  spoken  of  by  another  informer  as  consisting  of 
some  shell  heaps  and  a  black  soil  with  fine  shell  mound,  located 
on  H.  C.  Low's  place  between  the  middle  and  the  east  promon- 
tories of  the  Cape.  A  moderate  sized  mound  is  also  mentioned 
as  existing  about  2  miles  N.  or  N.  E.  from  the  little  settlement 
of  Flamingo,  on  the  southern  shore  of  the  Cape.  The  rest  of  the 
southern  shore  is  said  to  be  so  low,  muddy  and  difficult,  that  no 
settlements  of  Indians  would  have  been  possible. 

It  is  quite  likely,  of  course,  that  something  additional  in  the 
way  of  Indian  remains  along  this  part  of  the  coast  may  be  dis- 
covered in  the  future,  either  accidentally  or  through  explora- 
tion; but  the  chances  of  finding  there  any  large  sites  that  may 


48  Ales  Hrdlicka 


have  escaped  the  sharp  eye  and  curiosity  of  the  local  hunters 
and  fishermen,  is  a  very  small  one. 


GENERAL    IMPRESSIONS 

The  general  impressions  gained  from  the  survey  of  the 
southwestern  coast  of  Florida  may  be  summarized  by  the 
writer  as  follows: 

1.  The  coast  region  from  Charlotte  Harbor  southward  is,  on 
the  whole,  rich  in  remains  of  Indian  occupation.  This  is  par- 
ticularly true  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands  from  Key  Marco  to 
the  Gopher  Key  and  of  the  keys  along  the  Lossman's  River. 
South  of  Lossman's  River,  however,  aboriginal  remains  appear 
to  be  few  in  number  and  of  little  importance. 

2.  The  remains  consist  of  extensive  shell-heaps,  shell  mounds, 
shell  and  muck  mounds,  shell  and  muck  ground  for  cultivation, 
and  canals,  with  inland  shelters  or  ponds  for  the  canoes  of  the 
Indians. 

3.  The  shell  heaps  on  the  various  sites  cover  from  a  part  of 
an  acre  to  upwards  of  fifty  acres  of  ground,  show  considerable 
uniformity,  and  are  generally  arranged  in  a  parallel  way,  which 
indicates  a  system  of  construction.  They  consist  essentially  of 
oyster  shells,  with  a  lesser  proportion  of  conchs,  a  small  quantity 
of  clams,  a  few  turtle  shells  with  fish  and  animal  bones,  among 
which  is  a  scattering  of  shreds  of  common  undecorated  or  but 
slightly  decorated  pottery.  These  heaps  are  not  simple  kitchen 
middens,  but  purposely  built  ridges  or  mounds,  from  all  available 
shell.  They  were  elevated  platforms,  which  the  Indian  was 
obliged  to  build  before  he  could  feel  assured  of  the  safety  of  his 
habitation  from  inundation  during  high  tides  or  storms.  They 
are  rather  sterile  though  not  barren  of  remains,  both  cultural 
and  skeletal;  but  rare  individual  isolated  shell  mounds  have 
served  for  burials. 


Anthropology  of  Florida 49 

4.  The  constructions  of  soil  (sandy  muck)  and  shell-detritus 
(or  shell  in  small  amount)  are  met  with  in  the  form  of  ridges,  but 
more  commonly  in  that  of  conical,  more  or  less  blunt-topped 
mounds  of  good  dimensions.  Such  mounds  occur  singly  or  in 
rows.  Some  may  have  served  the  same  purpose  as  the  shell 
heaps,  that  is,  as  elevated  platforms  for  habitations,  while  others 
may  have  been  built  over  burials.  As  yet  their  contents  are 
practically  unknown. 

5.  Low  soil-and-shell  heaps  occur  occasionally  and  generally 
contain  burials;  and  burials  are  said  to  have  also  been  met  with 
in  made  soil  which  showed  no  mound  formation. 

6.  Made  ground  for  agriculture  is  found  in  some  but  not 
other  localities.  It  consists  generally  of  muck  with  shell  among 
which  conchs  may  be  numerous,  and  may  in  a  large  part  represent 
the  refuse  of  the  habitations.  In  it  potsherds  and  shell  implements 
appear  to  be  more  common  than  in  the  heaps  or  mounds. 

7.  The  shell-ridge  platforms  for  habitations  were  generally 
so  constructed  that  between  each  two  there  was  left  a  good- 
sized  trough  which  connected  with  an  outer  common  depression, 
the  whole  system  in  all  probability  serving  for  channels  of 
approach  by  canoes  to  the  habitations.  Longer  canals  or  canal- 
ized creeks  are  found  in  many  instances  to  lead  to  the  Indian  site; 
and  sometimes  there  may  be  a  channel  to  a  single  mound,  for 
the  purpose  possibly  of  facilitating  the  bringing  in  of  the  material 
from  which  the  mound  was  constructed.  There  are  also  in  a 
number  of  places  what  appear  to  have  been — or  still  are — 
artificial  ponds  or  small  inland  harbors,  which  would  afford  a 
good  shelter  for  the  canoes. 

These  canals  and  harbors,  like  the  shell-heap  platforms,  repre- 
sent it  is  plain  no  separate  culture  and  people,  but  only  local  and 
necessary  developments  due  to  peculiar  environmental  con- 
ditions. 


50  Ales  Hrdlicka 


8.  No  trace  whatever  was  met  anywhere  along  the  coast  of 
"pile  dwellings",  and  it  would  seem  that  Gushing  in  assuming 
that  such  existed  at  Marco  may  have  been  mistaken,  though  an 
occasional  use  of  short  posts  would  have  been  nothing  to  wonder 
at  under  the  conditions.  The  Seminoles  use  such  short  posts 
under  their  huts. 

9.  From  Key  Marco  south  to  Chatham  River  the  Indian 
sites  in  general  are  exposed;  but  further  south  there  is  manifest 
a  strong  tendency  to  seclusion  in  the  swamps,  the  object  of  which 
could  scarcely  have  been  other  than  protection.  This  would 
indicate  that  the  tribe  or  tribes  were  in  danger  of  attacks  by 
other  Indians. 

10.  The  archeological  remains  of  the  region  appear  to  con- 
nect directly  with  those  of  Charlotte  Harbor,  and  represent 
according  to  all  indications  the  same  culture,  people  and  period. 

The  only  too  scanty  skeletal  material  we  thus  far  possess  of 
these  people  indicates  that  they  were  moderately  oblong  to  short 
headed,  medium  to  tall,  and  moderately  to  strongly  built  Indians, 
similar  in  many  respects  to  those  whose  remains  are  found  in 
the  mounds  over  a  large  part  of  the  western  as  well  as  the 
eastern  coasts  of  the  peninsula  and  also  in  the  interior.  It  is  a 
type  which  was  seemingly  close  to  that  of  the  present  Seminoles, 
though  these  cannot  be  identified  with  the  remains,  being 
relatively  newcomers  to  Florida  from  further  northwest. 

Judging  from  such  scant  notes  as  have  been  preserved  to  us 
on  the  Indians  of  the  southwestern  coast  of  the  Peninsula,  the 
inhabitants  and  builders  of  the  great  shell  heaps  could  have  been 
no  other  than  the  "Caloosas"  (or  "Calusas")  who  gave  their 
name  to  the  Caloosahatchee  River,  the  stream  flowing  between 
Lake  Okechobee  and  Charlotte  Harbor.' 


'  See  art.  Calusas,  by  J.  Mooney,  in  the  Handbook  of  American  Indians,  Bull.  30,  Bur. 
Am.  Ethn.;  also  Safford  (W.  E.),  Indians  of  Paradise  Key.     Smithsonian  Rep.,  1917. 


Anthropology  of  Florida  51 


11.  Finally,  a  remarkable  fact  connected  with  the  Indian 
remains  of  the  southwestern  coast,  notwithstanding  their  fre- 
quently great  extent,  is  the  general  impression  of  relative 
freshness.  It  is  evident  enough  that  to  build  such  great  accu- 
mulations must  have  taken  a  long  time,  perhaps  centuries;  but 
the  earmarks  of  any  real  antiquity  are  wanting,  which  is  in 
accord  with  the  uniformity  and  paucity  of  archeological  remains 
on  these  sites,  with  the  relatively  small  number  of  burials,  with 
the  frequent  occurrence  of  articles  of  white  man's  introduction, 
and  possibly  also  with  the  commonness  of  marks  on  the  bones 
of  venereal  disease. 

The  general  conclusions  which  would  seem  to  be  justified 
from  the  above  facts,  are,  that  the  southwestern  coast  of  Florida 
from  Charlotte  Harbor  to  the  end  of  the  Peninsula  was  peopled 
during  late  precolumbian  and  well  into  historic  times  by  a  large 
Indian  population  of  homogeneous  nature  culturally,  though 
possibly  not  somatologically,  and  that  these  people  to  the  north- 
ward merged  with  the  Indians  who  are  so  well  represented  in 
the  secondary  burials  on  some  of  the  Keys  and  in  the  mounds 
of  the  St.  John's  River. 

The  remaining  problems  are  just  what  became  of  all  this 
population  as  well  as  of  the  more  northern  large  coastal  group; 
exactly  what  these  groups  were;  and  whether  or  not  the  remains 
of  the  Caloosas  group  may  have  merged  with  parts  of  the 
Seminole  tribe.  Of  course  we  know  of  their  struggles  with  the 
Spanish  and  their  partial  deportation;  but  it  seems  strange  that 
such  a  large  population,  not  only  of  the  west  coast  but  also  of 
other  parts  of  Florida,  should  have  completely  disappeared  since 
the  Spanish  connections  with  the  Peninsula. 


52  Ales  Hrdlicka 


FORT  MYERS  TO  LAKE  OKECHOBEE  AND  THE  EAST  COAST 

The  road  from  Fort  Myers  to  Lake  Okechobee  leads  over,  or 
in  the  vicinity  of,  the  Caloosahatchee  River.  Along  this  river 
are  a  number  of  more  or  less  insignificant  sand  mounds, 
probably  with  burials. 

About  8  miles  N.  E.  of  the  small  town  of  Labelle,  however, 
there  is  a  large  sand  mound,  which  may  be  seen  indicated  on  the 
Agricultural  map  of  the  country.  This  mound  has  been  spoken 
of  by  so  many  who  have  visited  the  region  that  the  writer  was 
anxious  to  see  it.  As  so  often  happens,  however,  the  reality  fell 
considerably  below  the  aroused  expectations.  Nevertheless  there 
was  found  a  huge  heap  of  white  sand,  oval  in  outline,  about  20  to 
25  feet  in  height  and  approximately  160  yards  in  circumference  at 
the  base.  A  number  of  excavations  have  been  made  by  local 
explorers  in  the  mound,  but  so  far  as  could  be  learned  without 
results.  The  largest  of  these  holes  was,  however,  only  about 
7  to  8  feet  deep  and  the  interior  of  the  mound  has  as  yet  been  un- 
touched.   It  is  quite  likely  that  it  contains  some  burials. 

Between  Labelle  and  Lake  Okechobee  nothing  of  importance 
in  the  way  of  Indian  remains  could  be  learned  of,  and  the  same 
applies  to  the  vicinity  of  the  lake  itself.  There  are  traces  of 
Indian  occupation,  but  they  are  not  conspicuous.  The  many 
canals  which  have  been  and  are  now  being  constructed  both  to 
the  west  and  to  the  east  of  the  lake,  have  as  far  as  could  be 
learned  failed  to  reveal  any  Indian  remains  of  consequence. 
Perhaps  the  most  interesting  was  the  discovery  of  an  old  dug-out 
canoe,  which  is  now  on  exhibition  in  the  garden  of  the  lady 
Mayor  of  Moore  Haven  (1918). 

It  appears  that  no  mounds  have  as  yet  been  located  either 
about  Lake  Okechobee  or  to  the  east  of  it.  The  interior  of  the 
peninsula  at  this  latitude  is,  therefore,  according  to  all  indica- 
tions so  far,  much  more  sterile  in  Indian  remains  of  all  sorts  than 
the  coast  regions. 


Anthropology  of  Florida 53 

The  Seminoles 

The  Seminole  Indians,  now  about  560  strong,*  are  scattered 
and  roam  over  most  of  southern  Florida  below  the  latitude  of 
Lake  Okechobee.  They  can  frequently  be  met  with  individually 
or  in  small  parties  among  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands.  A  few 
work  occasionally  for  the  whites,  but  the  large  majority  prefer 
to  live  freely  in  the  wilderness,  moving  from  place  to  place  in 
small  groups. 

As  no  somatic  data  on  a  full-blood  Seminole  have  as  yet  been 
secured  and  the  tribe  is  of  some  importance,  it  was  the  hope  of 
the  writer  that  he  would  meet  a  few  individuals  or  groups  along 
the  coast  and  that  perhaps  some  of  these  Indians  might  prove 
full-bloods  and  be  induced  to  submit  to  a  few  measurements. 
Those  contingents  of  the  tribe  which  visit  the  eastern  coast  are 
known  to  contain  a  good  deal  of  admixture  of  white  as  well  as 
some  negro  blood;  but  those  of  the  southwest  coast  have  never 
been  reported  upon  except  by  the  local  whites,  who  claimed  that 
any  form  of  miscegenation  was  exceedingly  rare  in  this  region. 

The  expectation  of  finding  some  of  the  natives  was  realized, 
though  only  in  a  small  measure.  The  total  seen  were  four  young 
men.  Two  of  these  were  found  at  Mr.  Storter's  place  at  Ever- 
glades and  two  were  met  accidentally — one  in  an  old  dug-out 
and  one  in  a  new  one  which  he  was  leisurely  finishing  at  each 
stop — on  the  shore  at  the  abandoned  Chevalier  place  further 
south.  Of  these  four,  two  were  mix-bloods,  one  very  plainly  so, 
but  two  seemed  to  be  free  from  admixture,  and  one  of  these  sub- 
mitted to  measurements.  Two  of  the  men  were  also  photo- 
graphed (see  PL  VII).  A  larger  party  regrettably  was  missed  at 
Chatham  Bend  by  only  a  few  hours. 


*  The  latest  official  number  was  585,  but  recently  there  were  a  series  of  deaths  in  the  tribe 
from  influenza.  On  January  16th  ten  were  reported  to  have  thus  died,  but  the  number  is  prob- 
ably greater. 


54  Ales  Hrdlicka 


The  full-blood  impress  one  as  typical,  ordinary  Indians.  The 
two  seen  were  slightly  deeper  than  medium  brown  in  color,  with 
straight  black  hair  and  the  general  characteristics  of  the  oblong 
to  slightly  short-headed  type  of  the  native.  The  stature  was 
moderate  to  fair,  the  body  and  limbs  well  developed.  The  one 
who  submitted  to  measurements  gave  the  following  proportions: 

Name — Boy  Jim. 

Age — Approximately  20-22. 

Full-blood  Seminole  in  appearance. 

Stature 165      cm. 

Head:  Maximum  length 18.4 

Maximum  breadth 14.9 

Height  (from  line  connecting  floors  of  auditory  canals  to 

bregma) 13.6 

Cephalic  Index 81 .0 

Cephalic  module  (or  mean  diameter) 15 .  63  cm. 

-.        TT  •  t     T    J      (mean  of  length  +  breadth)  __   . 

Mean  Height  Index  ^ .    .  , //.* 

Face:  Height  to  nasion 11.9  cm. 

Height  to  crinion 17.7 

Diameter  bizygomial  maximum 13.6 

Diameter  frontal  minimum 10.0 

Diameter  bigonial 10 . 4 

Facia!  Index,  lower 67. <? 

Facial  Index,  total 76. S 

Nose:  Height 5.6  cm. 

Breadth 3.8    " 

Nasal  Index 67.9 

Mouth:  Breadth 5.4  cm. 

Left  Ear:  Height 5,8    " 

Breadth 3.4    " 

Ear  Index 58.6 

All  of  these  measurements  and  indices,  it  will  be  recognized, 
are  quite  common  for  a  south  eastern,  medium  developed,  young 
adult  or  slightly  subadult  Indian. 


cc 


<  i 

c    .  • 


PLATE  IX.  Approximate  General  Distribution  of  the  Rounded   (red)  and   the  Oblong  (blue; 

Headed  Types  in  Florida 


11 

THE   PEOPLING  AND  TRIBES  OF  FLORIDA 

WHEN  Ponce  de  Leon  and  his  companions  reached 
Florida  in  1512  or  '13,  they  found  the  peninsula 
peopled  by  sedentary  Indians.  These  were  divided 
into  several  tribes  speaking  different  dialects,  if  not 
languages,  and  occupying  each  a  certain  "province." 

These  natives,  as  far  as  recorded,  gave  no  information  as 
to  the  time  or  way  of  their  coming  into  the  peninsula,  or  of 
their  blood  relation  to  other  tribes.  They  were  found  to  have 
had  some  contacts  with  the  Indians  of  Cuba  (Fontaneda),^  and 
there  are  archeological  as  well  as  other  evidences  of  their 
contacts  with  the  neighboring  tribes  of  the  continent. 

Among  themselves  they  lived  partly  in  amity,  partly  in 
discord.  They  had  numbers  of  more  or  less  grouped  villages 
along  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  coasts,  about  the  inland  sounds 
and  lakes,  and  along  the  rivers.  Their  organization  and  culture 
were  found  to  be  in  the  main  like  those  of  the  southern  tribes  in 
general.  They  lived  on  molluscs,  fish,  game,  roots,  wild  fruit 
with  vegetables  raised  in  gardens  or  small  fields.  They  were 
largely  a  canoe  people,  and  the  men  were  reputed  as  fighters. 
Living  predominantly  on  the  low,  swampy,  mangrove-  and 
insect-plagued  keys  and  coasts,  that  were  further  liable  to 
inundation  during  storms,  they  constructed  extensive  shell- 
heaps  that  would  serve  as  safe,  dry  and  clean  platforms  for  their 
habitations.    They  also  constructed  canals  and  sheltered  lagoons 

»Fontaneda  (H.  de  Escalante).  Memoria  de  las  cosas  y  costa  y  Indies  de  la  Flonda. 
(Documentos  ineditos,  v,  532-546,  Madrid,  1866.  Same  in  Smith  (B.).  Letter  of  Hernando  de 
Soto  and  Memoir  of  H.  de  E.  Fontaneda,  Washington,  1854.  Same  Fr.  trans,  m  lerneaux- 
Compans,  Voyages,  xx,  9-42,  Paris,  1841.) 


58  Ales  Hrdlicka 


for  their  canoes,  brought  where  necessary  the  shell  detritus  and 
muck  for  their  gardens,  and  built  sand  and  shell  mounds  for 
burials  and  other  purposes. 

According  to  Brinton^  there  were  six  main  districts  and  tribes. 
Commencing  at  the  south,  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula  was 
"divided  into  two  independent  provinces,  one  called  Tegesta  on 
the  shores  of  the  Atlantic,  the  other  and  most  important  on  the 
west  or  Gulf  coast  possessed  by  the  Caloosa  Tribe."  According 
to  Fontaneda  the  latter  province  extended  along  the  west  coast 
from  Tampa  Bay  southward  and  about  Lake  Okechobee.  The 
Province  of  Tegesta  embraced  a  string  of  villages  of  fishermen 
stretching  from  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
peninsula.  A  third  province  was  situated  to  the  "north  of  the 
province  of  Callos,  throughout  the  country  around  the  Hillsboro 
River,  and  from  it  probably  to  the  Withlacoochee,  and  easterly 
to  the  Ocklawaha";  a  fourth  included  the  region  of  the  present 
Marion  and  Alachua  Counties;  a  fifth  comprised  the  lands 
drained  by  the  St.  John's  River;  and  a  sixth  extended  from  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  John's  River  northward  along  the  coast  as  far 
as  the  Savannah. 

Of  the  Calusa  tribe  there  is  some  further  information^  which 
is  thus  resumed  by  James  Mooney:  This  "important  tribe  of 
Florida  was  formerly  holding  the  southwest  coast  from  about 
Tampa  Bay  to  Cape  Sable  and  Cape  Florida,  together  with  all 
the  outlying  keys,  and  extending  inland  to  Lake  Okechobee. 
They  claimed  more  or  less  authority  also  over  the  tribes  of  the 
east  coast  north  to  about  Cape  Canaveral. 

"Their  history  begins  in  1513,  when,  with  a  fleet  of  eighty 
canoes,  they  boldly  attacked  Ponce  de  Leon  who  was  about  to 
land  on  their  coast,  and  after  an  all-day  fight  compelled  him  to 


•  Brinton  (Daniel  G.).     Notes  on  the  Floridian  Peninsula,  its  Literary  History,  Indian 
Tribes  and  Antiquities.     12mo,  Philadelphia,  1859,  112. 

»  Calusa.     Handb.  Am.  Indians,  Bull,  xxx,  Bur.  Am.  Ethnol.,  Pt.  1,  195-1%. 


Anthropology  of  Florida 59 

withdraw.  Two  centuries  later  they  were  regarded  as  veritable 
pirates.  From  one  of  their  villages  the  modern  Tampa  takes 
its  name.  Another,  Muspa,  existed  up  to  about  1750.  About 
the  year  1600  they  carried  on  a  regular  trade  by  canoe  with 
Havana.  .  .  .  By  the  constant  invasion  of  the  Creeks  and 
other  Indian  allies  of  the  English  in  the  XVIII  century  they  were 
at  last  driven  from  the  mainland  and  forced  to  take  refuge  on 
the  keys,  particularly  Key  West,  Key  Vaccas  and  the  Mata- 
cumbe  Keys.  Romans  states  that  in  1763,  on  the  transfer  of 
Florida  from  Spain  to  England,  the  last  remnant  of  the  tribe 
numbering  then  80  families,  or  perhaps  350  souls,  was  removed 
to  Havana.  This,  however,  is  only  partially  correct,  as  a  con- 
siderable band  under  the  name  of  Muspa  Indians,  or  simply 
Spanish  Indians,  maintained  their  distinct  existence  and  language 
in  their  ancient  territory  up  to  the  close  of  the  second  Seminole 
war.  Nothing  definite  is  known  of  the  linguistic  affinity  of  the 
Calusa,  or  their  immediate  neighbors";  though  Brinton  and 
Gushing  were  inclined  to  class  the  dialects  of  the  west  coast  with 
the   Muskhogean.^ 

As  to  the  more  northern  tribes,  known  from  their  language 
collectively  as  Timucua,  we  have  the  following  further  informa- 
tion summarized  also  by  James  Mooney:^  They  were  **a  group 
of  cognate  tribes  formerly  occupying  the  greater  part  of  North 
Florida,  extending  along  the  east  coast  from  about  lat.  28°, 
below  Cape  Canaveral,  to  above  the  mouth  of  St.  John's  River, 
and  along  the  west  coast  probably  from  Tampa  Bay  northward 
to  about  Ocilla  River  where  they  met  the  Appalachee  of  Mus- 
khogean  stock.  The  Hichiti  and  Yamasee,  also  Muskhogean, 
appear  to  have  occupied  their  north  frontier  nearly  on  the 
present  state  boundary;  but  the  Timucua  held  both  banks  of  St. 


*  Gushing  (Frank  Hamilton).    Exploration  of  Ancient  Key-Dweller  Remains  on  the  Gulf 
Coast  of  Florida.     Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc,  1897,  xxxv,  105  et  seq. 

2  Timucuan  Family.    Handb.  Am.  Indians,  Bull.  30,  Bur.  Am.  Ethnol.,  Pt.  2,  752-754. 


60  Ales  Hrdlicka 


Mary's  River  and  Cumberland  Island.  South  of  lat.  28°  the 
west  coast  was  held  by  the  Calusa  and  the  east  coast  by  the  Ais 
and  Tequesta."  Other  Timucua  tribes  were  Saturiba  on  the 
lower  St.  John;  Yustaga,  or  Hostaqua  about  the  upper  Suwanee; 
Potano  west  of  St.  John's  River  between  the  heads  of  the  With- 
lacoochee  and  Suwanee;  Tocobaga  between  Withlacoochee 
River  and  Tampa  Bay;  Mayaca  on  the  northeast  coast;  and 
Marracou,  40  leagues  from  the  mouth  of  St.  John's  River. 

"The  history  of  the  Timucuan  tribes  begins  with  the  landing 
of  Ponce  de  Leon  near  the  site  of  the  present  St.  Augustine  in 
1513.  In  1528  Narvaez  led  his  small  army  from  Tampa  Bay 
northward  to  explore  the  country  of  the  Apalachee  and  beyond. 
In  1539  de  Soto  went  over  nearly  the  same  route,  his  historians 
mentioning  some  twenty  tribal  or  local  names  within  the  region, 
including  Yustage  and  Potano.  In  1562-64  the  French  Hu- 
guenots under  Ribault  and  Laudonniere  attempted  settlements 
at  the  mouth  of  St.  John's  River,  explored  the  middle  course 
of  the  stream  and  the  adjacent  interior  and  became  acquainted 
with  the  tribes  of  Saturiba  (Satouiroua)  and  Timucua  (Thim- 
agoa),  as  well  as  the  Potano  (Potanou)  and  Yustage  (Hostaqua), 
already  visited  by  De  Soto.  In  1565  the  Spaniards  under 
Menendez  destroyed  the  French  posts,  killing  all  their  defenders; 
they  then  founded  St.  Augustine  and  began  the  permanent 
colonization  of  the  country.  Within  a  few  years  garrisons 
were  established  and  missions  founded."  In  the  course  of  time, 
"the  Timucuan  tribes  in  general,  particularly  along  the  east 
coast,  accepted  Christianity  and  civilization  and  became  the 
allies  of  the  Spaniards.  .  .  .  About  1703,  began  the  series  of 
invasions  by  the  English  of  Carolina  and  their  savage  Indian 
allies,  Creek,  Catawba  and  Yuchi,  by  which  the  missions  were 
destroyed,  hundreds  of  men,  women  and  children  carried  off 
into  slavery,  while  the  remnant  took  refuge  close  under  the  walls 
of  St.  Augustine.     The  prosperous  Apalachee  missions  shared 


Anthropology  of  Florida  61 

the  same  fate.  With  the  decline  of  the  Spanish  power  and  the 
incessant  inroads  of  the  Creeks  and  Seminoles,  the  native  Indians 
rapidly  dwindled  until  on  the  transfer  of  the  territory  to  the 
United  States,  1821,  only  a  handful  remained,  and  these  appar- 
ently belonging  mostly  to  the  uncivilized  tribes  of  the  southern 
end.  It  is  possible  that  the  remnant  of  the  mission  tribes  had 
been  later  shipped  to  Cuba  by  the  Spaniards,  as  had  been  the 
case  with  the  Calusa  in  1763." 

As  to  the  incursions  and  settlement  in  Florida  of  the  more 
northern  tribes,  we  have  the  following  additional  helpful  account 
by  Brinton:^ 

"About  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  when  the  tribes 
who  originally  possessed  the  peninsula  had  become  dismembered 
and  reduced  by  prolonged  conflicts  with  the  whites,  and  between 
themselves,  various  bands  from  the  more  Northern  regions, 
driven  from  their  ancestral  home  partly  by  the  English  and 
partly  by  a  spirit  of  restlessness,  sought  to  fix  their  habitations 
in  various  parts  of  Florida. 

"The  earliest  of  these  were  the  Savannahs  or  Yemassees 
(Yammassees,  Jamasees,  Eamuses),  a  branch  of  the  Muskogeh 
or  Creek  nation,  who  originally  inhabited  the  shores  of  the 
Savannah  River  and  the  low  country  of  Carolina.  Here  they 
generally  maintained  friendly  relations  with  the  Spanish,  who  at 
one  period  established  missions  among  them,  until  the  arrival  of 
the  English.  These  purchased  their  land,  won  their  friendship, 
and  embittered  them  against  their  former  friends.  As  the 
colony  extended,  they  gradually  migrated  southward,  obtaining 
a  home  by  wresting  from  their  red  and  white  possessors  the 
islands  and  mainland  along  the  coast  of  Georgia  and  Florida. 
The  most  disastrous  of  these  inroads  was  in  1686,  when  they 


*  Notes  on  the  Floridian  Peninsula,  etc.,  139  et  seq.  In  these  connections  see  also  the  most 
recent  and  thorough  work  on  the  "Early  History  of  the  Creek  Indians  and  their  Neighbours," 
by  John  R.  Swanton,  Bull.  73,  Bur.  Am.  EthnoJ.,  Wash.,  1922. 


62  Ales  Hrdlicka 


drove  the  Spanish  colonists  from  all  the  islands  north  of  the  St. 
John's,  and  laid  waste  the  missions  and  plantations  that  had  been 
commenced  upon  them.  Subsequently,  spreading  over  the 
savannas  of  Alachua  and  the  fertile  plains  of  Middle  Florida, 
they  conjoined  with  the  fragments  of  older  nations  to  form 
separate  tribes,  as  the  Chias,  Canaake,  Tomocos  or  Atimucas, 
and  others.  Of  these,  the  last  mentioned  were  the  most  im- 
portant. They  dwelt  between  the  St.  John's  and  the  Suwannee, 
and  possessed  the  towns  of  Jurlo  Noca,  Alachua,  Nuvoalla, 
and  others.  At  the  devastation  of  their  settlements  by  the 
English  and  Creeks  in  1704  and  1706,  they  removed  to  the  shores 
of  Musquito  Lagoon,  65  miles  south  of  St.  Augustine,  where 
they  had  a  village,  long  known  as  the  Pueblo  de  Atimucas. 

"A  portion  of  the  tribe  remained  in  Carolina,  dwelling  on 
Port  Royal  Island,  whence  they  made  frequent  attacks  on  the 
Christian  Indians  of  Florida,  carrying  them  into  captivity,  and 
selling  them  to  the  English.  In  April,  1715,  however,  instigated 
as  was  supposed  by  the  Spanish,  they  made  a  sudden  attack  on 
the  neighboring  settlements,  but  were  repulsed  and  driven  from 
the  country."  They  hastened  to  St.  Augustine,  "where  they 
were  given  a  spot  of  ground  within  a  mile  of  the  city.  Here  they 
resided  till  the  attack  of  Colonel  Palmer  in  1727,  who  burnt 
their  village  and  destroyed  most  of  its  inhabitants.  Some, 
however,  escaped,  and  to  the  number  of  twenty  men,  lived  in 
St.  Augustine  about  the  middle  of  the  century.  Finally,  this 
last  miserable  remnant  was  enslaved  by  the  Seminoles,  and 
sunk  in  the  Ocklawaha  branch  of  that  tribe. 

^'Originating  from  near  the  same  spot  as  the  Yemassees  were 
the  Uchees.  When  first  encountered  by  the  whites,  they  pos- 
sessed the  country  on  the  Carolina  side  of  the  Savannah  River 
for  more  than  150  miles  commencing  60  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and,  consequently,  just  west  of  the  Yemassees.  Closely  associ- 
ated with  them  there  were  the  Palachoclas  or  Apalachicolos. 


Anthropology  of  Florida  63 


About  the  year  1716,  nearly  all  the  latter,  together  with  a  portion 
of  the  Uchees,  removed  to  the  south  under  the  guidance  of 
Cherokee  Leechee,  their  chief,  and  located  on  the  banks  of  the 
stream  called  by  the  English  the  Flint  River,  but  which  sub- 
sequently received  the  name  of  Apalachicola. 

"The  rest  of  the  Uchees  clung  tenaciously  to  their  ancestral 
seats  in  spite  of  the  threats  and  persuasion  of  the  English,  till 
after  the  middle  of  the  century,  when  a  second  and  complete 
migration  took  place.  Instead  of  joining  their  kinsmen,  however, 
they  kept  more  to  the  east,  occupying  sites  first  on  the  head- 
waters of  the  Altamaha,  then  on  the  Santilla  (St.  Tillis),  St. 
Mary's,  and  St.  John's,  where  we  hear  of  them  as  early  as  1786. 
At  the  cession  of  the  United  States  (1821),  they  had  a  village  10 
miles  south  of  Volusia,  near  Spring  Gardens.  At  this  period, 
though  intermarrying  with  their  neighbors,  they  still  maintained 
their  identity,  and  when,  at  the  close  of  the  Seminole  war  in 
1845,  250  Indians  embarked  at  Tampa  for  New  Orleans  and  the 
West  it  is  said  a  number  of  them  belonged  to  this  tribe,  and 
probably  constituted  the  last  of  the  race. 

"While  these  movements  were  taking  place  from  the  north 
toward  the  south,  there  were  also  others  in  a  contrary  direction. 
One  of  the  principal  of  these  occurred  while  Francisco  de  la 
Guerra  was  Governor-General  of  Florida  (1684-1690),  in  conse- 
quence of  an  attempt  made  by  Don  Juan  Marquez  to  remove  the 
natives  to  the  West  India  islands  and  enslave  them.  We  have 
no  certain  knowledge  how  extensive  it  was,  though  it  seems  to 
have  left  quite  a  number  of  missions  deserted. 

"What  has  excited  more  general  attention  is  the  tradition  of 
the  Shawnees  (Shawanees,  Sawannees,  Shawanos),  that  they 
originally  came  from  the  Suwannee  River  in  Florida,  whose  name 
has  been  said  to  be  *a  corruption  of  Shawanese,'  and  that  they 
were  driven  thence  by  the  Cherokees.  That  such  was  the 
origin  of  the  name  is  quite  false,  as  its  present  appellation  is 


64  Ales  Hrdlicka 


merely  a  corruption  of  the  Spanish  San  Juan,  the  river  having 
been  called  the  Little  San  Juan,  in  contradistinction  to  the  St. 
John's  (el  rio  de  San  Juan),  on  the  eastern  coast.  Nor  did  they 
ever  live  in  this  region,  but  were  scions  of  the  Savannah  stem 
of  the  Creeks,  accolents  of  the  river  of  that  name,  and  con- 
sequently were  kinsmen  of  the  Yemassees. 

"The  Seminoles,  the  Creek  nation,  so  called,  says  Adair, 
from  the  number  of  streams  that  intersected  the  lowlands  they 
inhabited,  more  properly  Muskogeh  (corrupted  into  Muscows), 
sometimes  Western  Indians,  as  they  were  supposed  to  have 
come  later  than  the  Uchees,  and  on  the  early  maps  Cowetas 
(Couitias),  and  Allibamons  from  their  chief  towns,  was  the  last 
of  those  waves  of  migration  which  poured  across  the  Mississippi 
for  several  centuries  prior  to  Columbus.  Their  hunting  grounds 
at  one  period  embraced  a  vast  extent  of  country  reaching  from 
the  Atlantic  coast  almost  to  the  Mississippi.  After  the  settle- 
ment of  the  English  among  them,  they  diminished  very  rapidly 
from  various  causes,  principally  wars  and  ravages  of  the  small- 
pox, till  about  1740  the  whole  number  of  their  warriors  did  not 
exceed  1500.  The  majority  of  these  belonged  to  that  branch 
of  the  nation,  called  from  its  more  southern  position  the  Lower 
Creeks,  of  mongrel  origin,  made  up  of  the  fragments  of  numerous 
reduced  and  broken  tribes,  dwelling  north  and  northwest  of  the 
Floridian  peninsula. 

"When  Governor  Moore  of  South  Carolina  made  his  attack  on 
St.  Augustine,  he  included  in  his  complement  a  considerable 
band  of  this  nation.  After  he  had  been  repulsed  they  kept 
possession  of  all  the  land  north  of  the  St.  John's,  and,  uniting 
with  certain  negros  from  the  English  and  Spanish  colonies, 
formed  the  nucleus  of  the  nation,  subsequently  called  Lshti 
semoli,  wild  men,  corrupted  into  Seminolies  and  Seminoles, 
who  subsequently  possessed  themselves  of  the  whole  peninsula 
and  still  remain  there.    Others  were  introduced  by  the  English 


Anthropology  of  Florida 65 

in  their  subsequent  invasions,  by  Governor  Moore,  by  Col. 
Palmer,  and  by  General  Oglethorpe.  As  early  as  1732,  they 
had  founded  the  town  of  Coweta  on  the  Flint  River,  and  laid 
claim  to  all  the  country  from  there  to  St.  Augustine.  They 
soon  began  to  make  incursions  independent  of  the  whites,  as  that 
led  by  Toonahowi  in  1741,  as  that  which  in  1750,  under  the 
guidance  of  Secoffee,  forsook  the  banks  of  the  Apalachicola,  and 
settled  the  fertile  savannas  of  Salachua,  and  as  the  band  that  in 
1808  followed  Micco  Hadjo  to  the  vicinity  of  Tallahassie.  They 
divided  themselves  into  seven  independent  bands,  the  Latchivue 
or  Latchione,  inhabiting  the  level  banks  of  the  St.  John's,  and 
the  sand  hills  to  the  west,  near  the  ancient  fort  Poppa  (San 
Francisco  de  Pappa),  opposite  Picolati,  the  Oklevuaha,  or 
Oklewaha  on  the  river  that  bears  their  name,  the  Chokechatti, 
the  Pyaklekaha,  the  Talehouyana  or  Fatehennyaha,  the  Top- 
kelake,  and  a  seventh,  whose  name  I  cannot  find. 

"They  usually  interred  the  dead,  and  carefully  concealed  the 
grave  for  fear  it  should  be  plundered  and  desecrated  by  enemies, 
though  at  other  times,  as  after  battle,  they  piled  the  slain  in- 
discriminately together,  and  heaped  over  them  a  mound  of  earth. 

"Ever  since  the  first  settlement  of  these  Indians  in  Florida 
they  have  been  engaged  in  a  strife  with  the  whites." 

Since  the  "second  Seminole  war"  (1836-42)  a  remnant  of  the 
tribe,  now  between  five  and  six  hundred  strong,  is  settled  and 
roams  over  the  wild  region  of  the  Everglades  and  the  Ten 
Thousand  Islands. 

numbers;  antiquity 

After  everything  that  has  been  written  on  the  Florida 
Indians  is  perused  there  remain  two  strong  outstanding  im- 
pressions. One  is  how  very  little  is  known  about  them;  and  the 
other  is  how  completely  they  have  vanished.  Considering  the 
size  of  the  territory  there  is  no  other  like  example  in  both  re- 


66  Ale§  Hrdlicka 


spects  on  the  north  American  continent,  and  the  circumstance 
raises  with  a  double  interest  the  question  as  to  the  numbers  of 
the  Florida  Indians  before  the  conquest.  On  this  there  are  two 
angles  of  evidence,  one  the  old  records,  and  the  other  the  material 
remains  left  by  the  tribes. 

Numbers. — Fontaneda,  speaking  of  the  Calusa  in  about 
1570,  gives  them  SO  villages  of  30  to  40  persons  each,  or  the  total 
of  between  1500  and  2000  persons,  which  in  view  of  our  present 
knowledge  of  their  remains  seems  too  low.  Of  the  Indians  further 
north  there  are  no  collective  estimates,  but  the  cacique  Vita- 
chuco  was  reported  to  have  opposed  De  Soto  with  thousands  of 
warriors,  and  there  are  other  instances  of  high  numerical  estimates 
of  these  natives  by  the  early  Spaniards.  In  the  easily  shared 
opinion  of  Brinton,^  however,  we  must  regard  such  estimates  as 
"the  hyperbole  of  men  describing  an  unknown  and  strange  land, 
supposed  to  abound  in  marvels  of  every  description.  The  natural 
laws  that  regulate  the  increase  of  all  hunting  tribes,  the  analogy 
of  other  nations  of  equal  civilization,  the  nature  of  the  country, 
and  lastly,  the  adverse  testimony  of  these  same  writers,  forbid  us 
to  entertain  any  other  supposition." 

Brinton  ventures  an  estimate  of  his  own  on  this  occasion,  and 
he  may  have  erred  somewhat  in  the  other  direction.  In  his 
opinion,  "Including  men,  women  and  children,  the  aboriginal 
population  of  the  whole  peninsula  probably  but  little  exceeded 
at  any  one  time  10,000  souls";  which  for  the  maximum  of  the 
Floridian  native  population  about  the  time  of  discovery  is 
probably  too  low.  The  natives  were  much  more  than  mere 
hunting  tribes,  but  it  remains  certain  that  the  estimates  of  the 
Spaniards,  as  on  so  many  other  occasions,  were  exaggerations. 
Much  larger  numbers  could  not  possibly  have  melted  away  so 
completely  between  the  sixteenth  and  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  century  as  have  the  Floridians,  of  whom  since  about 


*  Brinton  (Daniel  G.)-     Floridian  Peninsula,  etc.,  Ill,  112. 


Anthropology  of  Florida 67 

1820  not  a  known  living  trace  remains;  they  have  not  even  left 
any  mixed  population,  though  some  traces  of  their  blood  are 
probably  coursing  in  the  veins  of  the  Seminoles  who  have  roamed 
since  over  the  southern  parts  of  the  peninsula. 

The  bearing  of  the  evidence  of  the  material  remains  of  the 
Florida  natives  as  to  the  numerical  strength  of  the  population 
will,  when  once  exact  data  become  more  available,  be  very 
substantial.  As  it  is,  all  the  needed  facts  are  not  yet  at  the 
student's  disposal — still  enough  is  known  to  afford  some  in- 
dications. 

The  material  remains  of  the  old  native  Floridian  population 
consist  essentially  of  shell-heaps  and  mounds.  Due  to  the 
peculiar  nature  of  conditions  on  the  peninsula,  these  heaps  and 
mounds  constitute  an  index  of  expended  labor,  of  the  number  and 
extent  of  the  settlements,  and  of  the  approximate  numbers  of 
burials.  All  this  is  complicated  by  the  as  yet  uncertain  time 
element,  but  the  task  is  seemingly  not  as  complex  as  in  some  other 
regions.  It  is  improbable  that  all  the  sites  were  occupied  or 
peopled  to  the  maximum  at  the  time  of  discovery,  and  the 
accumulation  of  burials  has  doubtless  taken  many  generations; 
yet  plainly  these  remains  enclose  a  story  which,  when  once 
properly  interpreted,  will  be  of  great  help  to  the  student  seeking 
a  solution  of  the  question  of  the  numbers  of  the  Floridian  popu- 
lation. 

The  shell-heaps,  mounds,  canals  and  other  works  left  by  these 
Indians  are  many  in  number.  They  are  so  numerous  in  some 
regions  and  so  extensive  collectively  and  even  individually,  that 
at  first  sight  they  forcibly  suggest  many  people  as  well  as  long 
habitation.  But  a  careful  examination  does  not  sustain  the 
impression  of  any  great  numbers,  except  perhaps  in  a  few  local- 
ities. In  a  majority  of  cases  the  settlement,  like  its  site  and 
resources,  was,  it  is  plainly  seen,  small  to  moderate,  and  there 
were  not  many  to  which  one  could  attribute  at  any  one  time  over 


68  Ales  Hrdlicka 


one  hundred  families.  And  the  evidence  of  the  burial  mounds  is 
even  more  convincing — they  are  not  enough  in  number  nor 
abundant  enough  in  contents  to  denote  more  than  a  moderate 
population.  Possibly  twice  to  three  times  the  estimate  of 
Brinton,  or  say  twenty-five  to  thirty  thousand,  would  be  a  fair 
approximation  of  the  total  number  of  the  Florida  Indians  at  the 
time  of  discovery. 

Antiquity, — The  antiquity  of  man  in  Florida  has  already  been 
the  subject  of  many  discussions  and  controversies/  and  the  end 
of  these  may  not  be  expected  so  long,  on  one  hand,  as  the  peninsula 
will  continue  to  yield  human  bones  that  have  become  petrified 
or  been  found  in  association  with  those  of  extinct  animals,  and 
so  long,  on  the  other,  as  there  will  be  men  credulous  or  uncritical 
enough  to  accept  these  as  proofs  of  man's  antiquity  in  that 
region.  Bothof  which  are  indefinite  propositions.  The  peninsula 
is  so  rich  in  fossils  of  extinct  species  that  an  occasional  association 
with  human  burials  or  bones  is  unavoidable,  and  the  land  pre- 
sents such  peculiar  and  active  mineralogical  conditions  that 
petrifaction  of  bones  or  their  inclusion  in  rock  is  frequently 
rapid  and  gives  results  that  elsewhere  would  deserve  the  most 
earnest  attention.  The  difficulty  in  Florida,  in  fact,  is  not  to  find 
a  more  or  less  "fossilized"  human  bone,  but  to  find  one  a  few 
centuries  old  that  would  not  be  more  or  less  mineralized,  or 
embedded  into  a  more  or  less  consolidated  material.  That  these 
facts  have  been  and  will  probably  be  again  and  again  misin- 
terpreted by  men,  even  by  scientific  men  who  in  their  own  lines 
are  far  more  careful  and  critical,  cannot  but  be  expected. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  we  have  no  human  remains  from  Florida, 
or  from  any  other  part  of  the  North  or  South  American  continent, 
that  could  conscientiously  be  accepted  as  representing  man  of 


*  See  Hrdlicka  (A.)-  "The  Fossil  Man  of  Western  Florida"  in  "Skeletal  Remains  Suggest- 
ing or  Attributed  to  Early  Man  in  North  America."  Bull.  33.  Bur.  Am.  Ethnol.,  Washington, 
1SK)7,  53-66;  and  "The  'Fossil'  Man  of  Vero,  Florida,"  in  "Recent  Discoveries  Attributed  to 
Early  Man  in  America,"  Bull.  66,  Bur.  Am.  Ethnol.,  Washington,  1918,  23-65. 


Anthropology  of  Florida  69 


antiquity  beyond  a  few  thousand  years  at  most,  and  of  other 
than  the  ordinary  Indian  type;  nor  are  there  apparent  any 
indications  that  anything  much  older  may  in  these  parts  of  the 
world  be  yet  discovered. 

In  many  parts  of  Florida,  along  the  coast,  in  proximity  with 
the  big  inland  rivers,  and  especially  on  the  western  keys,  there 
are  great  shell  heaps.  But  the  shell  heaps  are  seen  to  have  been 
made  of  all  the  available  shells,  not  only  the  house  refuse,  and 
so  the  problem  is  merely  how  long  it  would  take,  with  the  well- 
known  industry  of  the  Indian  women  and  under  the  spur  of 
conditions,  to  bring  such  impressive  accumulations  into  existence. 
As  to  the  contents,  the  shells  are  all  recent,  and  often  fresh  enough 
inside  of  the  heap  to  preserve  more  or  less  of  their  delicate  colors. 
There  is  no  trace  of  any  discontinuity  or  superposition.  The 
work  materials,  the  archeology,  are  uniform  in  the  essentials, 
and  the  culture  except  in  local  developments  or  adaptations 
and  possibly  a  few  introductions  from  the  south,  corresponds  to 
that  of  the  more  northern  tribes  at  the  time  of  discovery. 

The  burial  mounds  speak  even  more  plainly.  In  the  first 
place  a  large  proportion  of  the  hitherto  explored  mounds,  on  the 
west  coast  evidently  the  majority,  have  been  found  to  contain 
articles  of  white  man's  introduction,  which  may  in  general  be 
taken  as  a  safe  indication  that  they  were  not  finished  or  even 
constructed  until  after  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
And  the  remaining  mounds  with  their  burials  are  not  enough  in 
number  to  denote  more  than  a  moderate  period  of  occupation. 
A  few  centuries  before  the  coming  of  the  whites  would  suffice. 

At  this  point  the  question  obtrudes  itself  whether  the  mound- 
building  Indians  of  the  peninsula  may  not  have  been  preceded 
by  people  who  did  not  build  mounds,  and  buried  in  the  ground. 
There  is  no  archeological  evidence  of  such  an  occupation.  Inland 
and  perhaps  in  favorable  spots  even  along  the  coasts  occasional 
isolated  burials  are  found  in  the  ground.    But  the  examination 


70  Ales  Hrdlicka 


of  the  remains  has  shown  invariably  either  some  unsolvable  but 
relatively  trivial  ambiguity,  or  just  the  ordinary  Indian.  On 
the  keys  and  most  of  the  coast,  the  swamps,  mangroves  and 
other  conditions  would  at  any  time  have  made  the  digging  of  a 
grave  exceedingly  difficult  if  not  impossible,  and  therefore  the 
burial  mounds  here  may  safely  be  regarded  as  an  index  of  the 
population,  the  more  so  as  not  a  few  of  them  contain  secondary 
mass  burials  of  remains  of  bodies  that  were  brought  to  the 
mound  from  wherever  they  may  have  lain  temporarily.  All 
that  may  be  said  in  this  connection,  therefore,  is  that  if  any  people 
have  preceded  the  mound  and  shell-heap  population  in  Florida, 
they  must  have  been  few  in  numbers,  of  similar  culture  and  of 
Indian  derivation. 

So  far  as  the  peopling  of  Florida  is  concerned  there  appears 
to  be  no  alternative  therefore  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  a 
relatively  late  event  in  the  peopling  of  the  continent,  and  one 
without  much  consequence.  That  before  being  peopled,  parts 
of  the  peninsula  may  have  been  the  hunting  ground  of  parties  of 
aborigines  from  farther  north  is  quite  possible.  The  lateness  of 
actual  peopling  of  the  land  may  well  have  been  due  to  its  plagues 
of  mosquitoes,  other  insects  and  reptiles,  with  its  meagre  fitness 
for  agriculture,  and  under-  rather  than  over-population  of  the 
neighboring  mainland  regions.  Whence  the  eventual  population 
was  derived  will  be  shown  by  the  comparison  of  its  skeletal 
remains,  though  many  other  considerations  point  north  and 
northwest.  It  never  reached  great  numerical,  cultural  or 
political  importance.  Due  to  war,  disease  and  deportation  it 
has  long  since  completely  disappeared,  though  its  traces  may 
yet  be  discoverable  among  the  Everglade  Seminoles. 

PHYSICAL    CHARACTERISTICS 

As  to  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  Florida  population  at 
the  advent  of  the  whites,  there  are  only  a  small  number  of 


Anthropology  of  Florida 71 

references,  and  these  are  of  little  if  any  value.  Cabeza  de  Vaca,* 
writing  of  his  trip  to  Florida  with  Narvaez  in  1527,  reports  the 
Floridians  to  be  "wonderfully  well  built,  spare,  very  strong  and 
very  swift,"  adding  that  "being  so  tall  and  going  about  nude 
they  look  like  giants  from  a  distance."  Lucas  Vasquez  de  Ayllon 
and  Le  Moyne  each  speak  of  having  seen  giant-like  caciques,' 
the  former  adding,  for  good  measure,  that  in  the  case  of  his 
cacique  the  giantism  had  been  produced  artificially  by  the 
Indians.  These  and  similar  reports  on  the  Muskhogees,  the 
Indians  of  South  Carolina,  etc.,  influenced  more  than  one  sub- 
sequent author,  among  whom  no  less  keen  a  critic  than  Brinton, 
who  in  his  "Floridian  Peninsula"  (p.  171),  speaking  of  skeletons 
from  a  mound  on  Long  Key,  Sarasota  Bay,  reports  of  having 
been  assured  "by  an  intelligent  gentleman  of  Manatee"  that 
some  of  these  "were  of  astonishing  size  and  must  have  belonged 
to  men  7  or  8  feet  in  height";  which  statement,  Brinton  adds,  "is 
not  so  incredible  as  it  may  appear  at  first  sight,"  quoting  some 
other  reports  of  that  nature  from  other  parts  of  the  continent. 
And  the  "giant"  and  "eight-foot"  skeleton  is  to  this  day  the 
almost  stereotyped  feature  of  many  an  amateur  report  of  a  find 
of  skeletal  remains  from  Florida  as  well  as  other  parts  of  the 
country.  All  these  reports  on  the  Floridians  as  well  as  other 
Indians,  it  may  be  said  once  for  all,  are  exaggerations. 

There  are  in  addition  to  the  above  a  few  references  to  the 
color  and  general  appearance  of  the  people,  from  which  little 
can  be  made  out  except  that  the  color  was  darker  in  the  south. 

PHYSICAL    ANTHROPOLOGY 

The  above  few  references  make  it  plain  that  scientific  knowl- 
edge of  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  Floridian  natives  has 


*  Naufragios  de  Alvar  Nunez  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  etc.,  Historiadores  primitivos  de  Indias, 
Madrid,  1858,  1,  517. 

»  See  Ecker  (A.).    Arch.f.  Anthrop.,  1877,  x,  1 12  et  seq. 


72  Ales  Hrdlicka 


been  but  little  benefited  by  travellers  and  historians;  and  as  will 
be  seen  shortly,  it  has  not  been  advanced  much  beyond  that  by 
trained  observers.  This  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  so  many 
burial  mounds  and  shell-heaps — which  latter  also  occasionally 
contain  burials — are  disseminated  over  the  peninsula,  and  that 
most  of  these  perhaps  have  already  been  explored  or  at  least  dug 
into  by  amateur  collectors.  In  addition;  a  series  of  the  shell 
heaps  have  been  partly  or  completely  removed  for  road-making, 
revealing  now  and  then  human  skeletons,  while  other  mounds 
have  been  partly  washed  away  in  storms  or  ploughed  over, 
disclosing  burials.  iVU  this  has  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  very 
considerable  quantities  of  skeletal  remains  of  the  Indians  who 
once  peopled  the  peninsula,  but  due  in  part  to  the  mostly  poor 
state  of  preservation  of  these  remains,  but  mainly  to  lack  of 
sufficient  interest  in  the  bones  or  a  lack  of  knowledge  as  to  what 
to  do  with  these,  the  larger  number  by  far  of  such  remains  have 
been  lost  or  have  reached  our  collections  in  a  more  or  less  frag- 
mentary condition.  Added  to  this  may  be  the  fact  that  the 
southern  portion  of  the  peninsula  is  still  but  thinly  peopled  and 
presents  many  natural  obstacles  to  exploration,  due  to  which  it 
has  received  much  less  attention  by  archeologists  than  parts 
further  north  and  remains  almost  unrepresented  in  our  collections 
so  far  as  skeletal  material  is  concerned. 

The  total  number  of  better  preserved  Florida  crania  now  in 
scientific  collections  may  be  estimated  at  a  little  over  300, 
besides  which  there  are,  particularly  in  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum,  numerous  single  parts  of  skeleton  and  many  fragments. 
Of  this  material  a  small  series  is  in  Germany,  the  rest  being 
preserved  in  Washington,  Philadelphia,  Boston  and  New  York. 
These  remains  have  been  partly  studied  and  reported  upon  as 
follows : 

In  1871,  in  the  Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Peabody 
Museum  (pp.  12,  13-18),  Jeffries  Wyman  briefly  describes  and 


Anthropology  of  Florida  73 

gives  essential  measurements  of  18  more  or  less  imperfect 
skulls  from  a  small  sand  mound  a  few  miles  from  Cedar  Keys  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  west  coast  of  the  peninsula.  Dr. 
Wyman's  brief  account  of  these  specimens  reads: 

'The  burials  were  all  of  the  rudest  kind.  No  indications  of 
approximate  age  of  the  mound  were  found,  nor  could  information 
with  regard  to  its  history  be  obtained.  The  trees  growing  upon 
the  mound  were  none  of  them  more  than  half  a  century  old. 
The  bones  were  all  greatly  decayed  by  the  destruction  of  the 
organic  matter,  and  it  was  only  with  the  greatest  care  that  they 
could  be  removed  without  injury  or  even  complete  destruction. 
When  dried  they  acquired  greater  firmness,  but  could  only  be 
preserved  and  handled  after  being  immersed  in  gelatine. 

"The  capacity  of  the  skulls  is  1375  cc,  or  nearly  84  cubic 
inches,  and  is  greater  than  that  of  the  mound  crania.  The  foramen 
magnum  is  quite  far  back,  its  index  being  .374,  very  nearly  the 
same  as  that  of  the  crania  just  referred  to,  but  there  are  no  signs 
whatever  of  distortion.  They  are  remarkable  for  massiveness  and 
thickness.  The  average  thickness  through  the  parietal  bones  in 
eight  of  them  amounting  to  10.5  mm.  or  0.42  inch,  or  almost 
double  the  usual  thickness,  and  in  this  respect  they  contrast 
very  strikingly  with  skulls  from  the  mounds,  as  they  also  do  in 
the  general  roughness  of  the  surfaces  for  muscular  attachments  on 
the  hinder  part  of  the  head. 

"The  skulls  are  quite  heavy,  but  in  consequence  of  the 
destruction  of  the  bones  of  the  face  in  most  of  them,  the  whole 
weight  could  be  had  in  a  single  instance  only.  This  happens  to 
be  the  heaviest  of  the  series,  weighing  995  grams,  and  notwith- 
standing the  loss  of  its  organic  matter  is  heavier  than  any  of  the 
300  skulls  of  various  races  in  our  collection." 

In  1875  Jeffries  Wyman,  in  his  larger  report  on  the  "Fresh 
Water  Shell  Mounds  of  the  St.  John's  River,  Florida,"^  gives 

'  Fourth  Memoir,  Peabody  Acad.  Sc,  8vo.,  Salem,  Mass.,  1875. 


74 


Ales  Hrdlicka 


1 — ^^-— — ■ ■       -  ■  ■■■'     -    ■■ . '. ' — ' 

Crania  from  Cedar  Keyes,  Florida,  Reported  by  Jeffries  Wyman* 

Length  of  Occipital 

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Index  of  Foramen  Magnum 

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Index  of  Height 

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Index  of  Breadth 

00 

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Anthropology  of  Florida 75 

brief  notes  on  various  skeletal  remains  from  the  mounds  along  the 
river,  including  a  description,  with  measurements,  of  a  skull 
from  the  Osceola  Mound.  As  this  skull  was  damaged  through 
an  injury  the  measurements  are  of  no  value.  Special  attention 
is  given  to  the  flattening  of  the  tibia  (platycnemy). 

In  1878  brief  observations  with  the  principal  measurements 
on  20  skulls  and  a  few  other  parts  of  the  skelton,  derived  from 
the  same  mound  at  Cedar  Keys  from  which  came  Wyman's 
material,  were  published  by  Ecker.^  Ecker  notes  that  a  number 
of  the  specimens  show  artificial  deformation,  but  mistakes  this 
for  the  "macrocephalic"  or  Aymara  type.  He  further  calls 
attention  to  the  thickness  of  some  of  the  skulls  and  also  to  their 
height.  The  cephalic  index  ranges  from  74.7  to  89.4,  the  majority 
(12)  being  above  80;  but  no  allowance  or  elimination  has  been 
made  for  or  on  account  of  the  deformation.  Influenced  by  the 
apparent  size  of  the  skulls  together  with  their  thickness,  strong 
muscular  attachments  and  size  of  the  lower  jaw,  Ecker  regret- 
tably adheres  to  the  fallacy  that  the  people  whom  these  remains 
represent  must  have  been  of  "Herculean"  proportions,  in  sup- 
port of  which  he  cites  Brinton  and  other  authors.  On  this  basis 
he  also  concludes  that  the  people  to  whom  these  remains  belonged 
were  in  all  probability  the  same  that  were  met  in  these  localities 
by  the  first  whites.  And  he  falls  into  another  error  in  con- 
sidering these  people  as  diff^erent  from  a  "much  older"  popu- 
lation that  constructed  the  shell  heaps.  The  article  is  a  good 
example  of  how  dangerous  it  is  even  for  men  of  calibre  to 
generalize  from  insufficient  material  and  to  take  for  facts  the 
exaggerations  of  "reliable  persons",  with  the  errors  of  preceding 
authors. 

In  1880  George  A.  Otis  in  his  "List  of  the  Specimens  in  the 
Anatomical  Section  of  the  United  States  Army  Medical  Museum" 

'■  Ecker  (A.).  Zur  Kenntniss  des  Korperbaues  fruherer  Einwohner  der  Halbinsel  Florida. 
^rch./.  Antkrop..  1878,  x,  101-114,  3  pi. 


76  Ales  Hrdlicka 


gives  a  few  measurements  on  a  series  of  Florida  skulls;  but  as 
the  measurements  are  known  to  have  been  taken  under  cir- 
cumstances which  make  it  impossible  to  give  them  full  reliance, 
the  data  are  of  but  little  account.  Since  then  these  skulls, 
originally  from  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  have  been  retrans- 
ferred  to  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  and  form  part  of  the 
material  made  use  of  for  the  report  of  the  present  writer. 

In  1896,  Harrison  Allen  published  a  memoir  on  "Crania  from 
the  Mounds  of  the  St.  John's  River,  Florida."^  Regrettably  the 
report  is  limited  to  5  skulls,  the  only  ones  "found  in  sufficiently 
good  condition  to  describe"  out  of  33  crania  "collected  by  Mr. 
Clarence  B.  Moore  from  prehistoric  Indian  graves  in  Florida"; 
the  bulk  of  the  memoir  being  given  to  measurements  and  des- 
scriptions  of  skulls  from  other  parts  of  the  north  American 
continent.  Also  some  of  the  measurements  and  parts  of  the 
nomenclature,  taken  after  Meigs,  are  not  those  in  general  use  to- 
day, which  makes  them  somewhat  difficult  to  follow.  But  the 
engravings  are  excellent,  following  in  size  and  style  those  of 
Morton's  "Crania  Americana."  For  comparison,  Allen  gives  a 
series  of  measurements,  the  first  ever  published,  on  skulls  of 
Seminoles,  besides  those  on,^  crania  of  other  Indians,  and  gives 
original  studies  on  teeth,  jaws,  the  malar  bone,  the  nasal  index 
and  other  particulars. 

As  all  the  crania  from  Florida  in  the  collections  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia,  including  those 
seen  by  Harrison  Allen,  have  been  re-examined  and  measured  by 
the  writer,  there  is  no  use  of  quoting  Allen's  data,  and  he  has 
formulated  no  concise  deductions.  Accepting  the  views  of 
Bartram  and  Jones'^  that  "at  least  some  of  the  Indians  of  Florida, 


»  J.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc,  Philadelphia,  4°,  367-448,  pi.  xlix-lxx. 

*  Bartram  (Wm.).  Travels  through  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  etc.,  Philadelphia, 
1791,  London,  1792.  Jones  (Chas.  C,  Jr.).  Antiquities  of  the  Southern  Indians,  particularly 
of  the  Georgia  tribes.  New  York,  1873. 


Anthropology  of  Florida  'J'J 


after  the  settlement  of  the  Atlantic  coast  by  the  Europeans,  em- 
braced the  Seminoles  and  remnants  of  tribes  of  Georgia  which 
had  been  driven  into  the  peninsula  by  conquest  of  their  lands 
above  the  Savannah  River  by  the  whites/*  and  also  that  "the 
Seminoles  were  of  the  same  stock  with  the  Indians  who  occupied 
elsewhere  the  land  between  the  Mississippi  River  and  the  sea- 
coast,"  Allen  regards  it  as  probable  therefore  "that  the  skulls 
of  the  Moore  series  were  of  the  same  stock  called  by  Jones  'Mus- 
chogee,'  a  probability  which  is  strengthened  by  the  statement  of 
Bartram  regarding  the  large  stature  of  the  males  and  the  small 
stature  of  the  females  of  Muschogee  people.  The  most  casual 
observer  of  the  Moore  series  will  be  struck  with  the  disparity 
in  the  size  of  the  male  and  female  skulls."  This  last  unaccount- 
able statement,  it  may  be  remarked  at  once,  is  not  sustained  by 
later  studies  on  the  collections. 

Of  the  skulls  in  the  Morton  collection  little  is  known,  accord- 
ing to  Allen,  "beyond  the  fact  that  they  were  for  the  most  part 
collected  in  Florida  during  or  about  the  time  of  the  Seminole 
war.  Some  of  them  may  be  from  distant  tribes  which  had  been 
driven  south,  but  it  is  improbable  that  they  belong  to  other  than 
members  of  the  Muschogee  group.  That  the  Moore  series  differs 
notably  from  the  skulls  marked  Seminole  is  of  considerable 
interest.  But  the  entire  number  of  specimens  examined  is  too 
small  to  make  any  broad  deductions." 

In  1897  Frank  Hamilton  Gushing  published  his  "Preliminary 
Report  on  the  Exploration  of  Ancient  Key-Dweller  Remains  on 
the  Gulf  Coast  of  Florida,^  and  in  it  (p.  119)  he  mentions  two 
series  of  skulls  collected  by  him  on  the  west  coast  of  the  peninsula, 
one  north  of  Tampa  Bay  and  one  at  Marco  Key  among  the  most 
northern  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands.  In  this  report  also  are 
(105  et  seq.)  two  noteworthy  discussions  on  the  old  dwellers  of 
Florida  by  the  foremost  students  of  such  matters  at  that  time, 

>  Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  1897,  xxxv,  120  pp. 


78  Ales  Hrdlicka 


Brinton  and  Putnam.  Parts  of  these  discussions  will  be  well 
worth  quoting  in  these  connections,  particularly  as  they  are 
rather  hidden  in  the  original. 

Brinton,  the  author  of  the  well-known  "History,  Tribes  and 
Antiquities  of  the  Floridian  Peninsula,"^  reviews  briefly  the 
history  and  ethnography,  as  then  known,  of  the  territory;  ex- 
presses the  belief  that  the  people  of  the  west  coast  may  have 
spoken  a  dialect  of  the  Choctaw  (Muskhogean),  that  their  culture 
pointed  in  the  main  in  the  same  direction,  and  that  while  there 
may  have  been  slight  contacts  with  the  south  there  is  no  evidence 
of  a  Carib  or  Arawak  origin  of  the  Floridians. 

Professor  Putnam  referred  in  particular  to  a  series  of  skulls 
collected  by  Gushing,  though  in  some  misapprehension  as  to 
their  location.  His  truly  noteworthy  remarks  follow:  "Mr. 
Cushing's  collection  includes  a  large  number  of  human  skulls 
which  I  have  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  in  the  museum  today. 
I  am  much  interested  to  note  that  these  skulls  are  of  the  same 
type  as  those  found  in  the  sand  mounds  in  Florida.  The  first  of 
this  type  I  ever  saw  came  from  the  sand  mounds  around  Cedar 
Keys  and  were  brought  to  notice  by  the  late  Prof.  Jeffries 
Wyman.  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore  has  found  this  type  in  the 
sand  mounds  of  eastern  Florida.  The  same  general  type  has 
been  found  throughout  northern  Florida,  Georgia,  Alabama  and 
through  the  region  extending  towards  the  Cumberland  valley 
in  Tennessee;  also  westward  through  the  Pueblo  region  and  in 
Central  America.  It  is  the  general  brachycephalic  skull;  not 
only  brachycephalic  but  decidedly  rounded,  with  more  or  less 
artificial  flattening  of  the  frontal  and  occipital  regions.  I  have 
regarded  this  type  of  skull  as  belonging  to  the  southern  or 
southwestern  peoples  of  North  America.  I  believe  that  this 
type  of  skull  is  the  type  of  the  people  who  first  settled,  so  far 
as  we  know,  in  Central  America  and  on  the  shores  of  Peru  and 

1 0.  f. 


Anthropology  of  Florida 79 

northern  South  America;  that  in  all  probability  this  people 
extended  eastward,  coming  across  the  Isthmus  through  the 
Central  American  region  and  extending  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
and  over  into  Florida,  and  finally,  judging  from  the  evidence 
that  Mr.  Gushing  has  presented  tonight,  being  driven  on  to  these 
keys.  In  fact,  I  should  consider  it  probable  that  the  line  of  mi- 
gration was  directly  opposite  to  this  one  which  has  been  sug- 
gested. That  is,  I  believe  it  more  likely  that  this  was  a  people 
who,  having  had  an  early  home  in  the  Gentral  American  region, 
extended  around  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  rather  than  a  people  who 
came  from  South  America  to  the  Florida  Keys  and  then  spread 
into  Florida  and  westward." 

To  which  Mr.  Gushing  answered  in  part  as  follows :  "If  the  lin- 
guistic evidence  relative  to  connections  either  toward  the  north  or 
toward  the  south,  of  the  ancient  key  dwellers,  is  thus  far  so  scant 
as  to  be  inconclusive,  this  is  to  a  certain  extent  also  the  case 
with  the  evidence  afforded  by  the  human  remains  we  collected. 
In  justice  to  Dr.  Putnam  I  must  state  here  that  the  series  of 
skulls  in  my  collections,  examined  by  him,  were  not  the  key- 
dweller  skulls.  They  were  skulls  derived  from  the  Anclote 
region,  and  like  those  he  mentions  as  previously  collected  by  Dr. 
Wyman  and  Dr.  Glarence  B.  Moore  were  exhumed  from  sand 
mounds.  The  true  key-dweller  skulls  found  by  us  in  the  muck 
beds  at  Marco  and  in  the  bone  pit  on  Sanybel  Island,  number 
only  13,^  but  they  are  pronounced  to  be,  by  Dr.  Harrison  Allen, 
who  is  studying  them  preparatory  to  full  publication,^  uniformly 
distinct  from  those  of  more  northerly  and  easterly  parts  of 
Florida.  In  the  first  place,  the  occipital  foramina  of  these 
remarkable  skulls  are  abnormally  large  and  remain  open  in  even 
the  most  mature  of  them — a  characteristic  seen  in  only  one 


»The  Sanybel  Island  is  in  Charlotte  Harbor.  It  appears  that  there  may  have  been  only 
two  skulls  from  Key  Marco;  and  today  there  seem  to  remain  but  a  few  unimportant  specimens 
from  Sanybel,  preserved  in  the  Wistar  Institute,  where  they  were  seen  by  the  author. 

»  Harrison  Allen's  notes  on  the  specimens  and  illustrations  so  far  could  not  be  located. 


80  Ales  Hrdlicka 


cranium  of  our  northern  series.  In  the  second  place,  a  curious 
feature  of  all  these  key-dweller  skulls  is  that  in  no  case  is  the 
occiput  flattened.  Finally,  they  are  found  to  be  more  nearly  of 
the  Antillean  type,  judged,  it  is  true,  by  only  one  or  two  specimens 
of  the  latter  examined  by  Dr.  Allen,  than  of  the  northern  Indian 
type." 

The  above  records  are  all  that  we  have  on  the  physical 
anthropology  of  the  old  Floridians  or  their  remains,  with  the 
exception  of  the  line  of  publications  that  deals  with  the  question 
of  man's  antiquity  on  the  peninsula.  The  latter  will  be  found 
resumed  and  critically  examined  in  Bulletins  33  (1907)  and  66 
(1918)  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology.  These  reports, 
however,  while  showing  that  there  is  no  substantial  ground  for 
any  geological  antiquity  of  man  in  the  peninsula,  contribute  but 
little  to  the  anthropology  of  Florida  in  general.  But  their  prepa- 
ration resulted  in  the  several  visits  of  the  author  to  different  parts 
of  the  State,  in  the  gathering  of  new  evidence  as  well  as  skeletal 
material,  and  eventually  in  the  present  study,  the  object  of 
which  is  to  bring  to  date  our  knowledge  of  the  peopling  and 
peoples  of  Florida.  It  will  be  shown  that  these  problems  are 
probably  simpler  than  may  be  anticipated,  that  linguistic  evi- 
dence has  once  more  proven  insufficient,  and  that  observations 
of  untrained  men  regarding  the  physical  characteristics  of  a 
people  are  wholly  unreliable. 


NEW  OBSERVATIONS 

THE  present  study  of  skeletal  material  from  Florida  in- 
cluded that  at  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  together 
with  all  that  preserved  at  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  and  the  Wistar  Institute  in  Philadelphia.  It 
comprises  the  Clarence  B.  Moore,  The  Hamilton  Gushing,^  and 
the  author's  collections,  besides  individual  specimens  from 
other  sources.  The  small  series  of  skulls  previously  described 
by  Harrison  Allen  have  been  re-examined.  The  distribution 
of  the  utilized  skulls  is  as  follows: 

CRANIA  EXAMINED 

West  St.  John's  East  Southeast       Seminoles 

Coast  River  Coast  and  South 

Male    (121) 78  16  11  5  11 

Female  (52) 33  7  7  3  2 

Totals  (173) Ill  23  18  8  13 

The  above  represents  only  normal  adult  skulls,  unaffected  by 
artificial  deformation  which  was  practiced  more  or  less  in  different 
parts  of  the  peninsula;  and  not  to  complicate  matters  needlessly 
only  the  principal  measurements  and  observations  will  be 
reported.  A  large  number  of  other  more  or  less  deformed  skulls 
passed  through  the  writer's  hands,  but  the  notes  on  them  would 
be  of  little  value  in  present  connection.  In  addition  there  were 
examined  a  quantity  of  other  Florida  skeletal  material  than 
skulls,  and  all  the  available  crania  from  neighboring  regions. 

Deformation. — The  majority  of  Floridian  skulls  show  arti- 
ficial moulding.  There  is  but  one  type  of  this:  the  fron to- 
occipital  flattening;  but  in  instances  the  frontal  parts  have  been 
so  little  affected  that  the  occipital  compression  alone  is  percep- 
tible. 


*A  vain  search  was  made  for  the  few  skulls  believed  to  have  been  collected  by  Cushing 
at  Marco. 


Figure  2.   Map  of  Florida  Showing  Localities  from  which  Skeletal  Material  was  Examined 


Anthropology  of  Florida 85 

The  degree  and  frequency  of  the  deformation  differ  from 
locality  to  locality,  both  diminishing  in  general,  it  appears,  from 
north  to  south.  The  ''Aymara"  type  of  deformation  was  un- 
known and  the  one  or  two  authors  who  assumed  otherwise  were 
in  error.  Extreme  forms  of  flattening  are  absent,  and  on  the 
whole  it  is  evident  that  while  the  practice  was  wide-spread  in 
Florida,  it  was  rather  lax  and  not  seldom  neglected  or  given  up. 

The  same  type  of  head  deformation  had  existed  in  the  terri- 
tories now  covered  by  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana 
and  Arkansas.  It  was  also  the  type  of  deformation  practiced  by 
the  stone  grave  people  of  Tennessee,  and  traces  of  it  are  occasion- 
ally found  beyond  the  boundaries  of  these  states.  Its  centre  of 
intensity  was  evidently  in  the  territory  now  covered  by  Alabama 
and  Tennessee  with  adjacent  parts  of  Georgia  and  Mississippi. 

The  same  type  of  deformation  was  general  among  the  Caribs 
in  the  Bahamas,  Cuba,  Haiti,  Porto  Rico,  Jamaica,  etc.,  as  well 
as  among  the  tribes  of  parts  of  Central  America,  in  Yucatan,  and 
along  portions  at  least  of  eastern  Mexico;  strangely  it  was  also 
and  is  to  this  day  practiced  in  the  northwesternmost  parts  of 
the  United  States  among  the  Indians  of  the  Columbia  River 
basin,  but  nowhere  else  in  North  America.  In  South  America 
it  was  nearly  limited  to  the  upper  two-thirds  of  the  western  coast. 

A  deep-rooted  complex  procedure  of  this  nature  implies 
necessarily  close  connections  of  the  ancestry  of  the  Florida  and 
related  Indians  in  one  or  another  of  these  directions,  probably 
even  derivation;  but  the  time  is  not  ripe  enough  as  yet  for  the 
following  of  this  clue  to  definite  conclusions. 

Massiveness. — Many  of  the  Florida  skulls  and  lower  jaws  as 
well  as  the  bones  of  the  skeleton  impress  one  as  perceptibly 
stouter  and  especially  heavier  than  other  skeletal  remains  of 
Indians.  So  far  as  some  of  the  individual  skulls  and  jaws  are 
concerned  nothing  equally  massive  is,  in  fact,  known  from  any 


86  Ales  Hrdlicka 


part  of  the  continent  except  under  abnormal  conditions.  The 
fact,  we  have  seen,  has  been  noted  by  Wyman  as  well  as  Ecker, 
and  is  also  accentuated  by  Brooks  in  his  report  on  some  skulls 
and  bones  of  the  Indians  of  the  Bahamas,  who  evidently  belonged 
to  the  same  type  of  people.^ 

The  stoutness  of  the  skulls  was  apparent  on  most  of  the 
material  that  passed  through  the  writer's  hands  in  the  present 
study.  The  lower  parts  of  the  parietal  1  cm.  above  and  along 
the  squamous  suture  in  Florida  skulls  measured  often  6  to  8  mm., 
which  is  approximately  2  to  3  mm.  more  than  in  the  whites  and 
1.5  mm.  more  than  in  other  Indians.  The  occipital  crests,  the 
mastoids,  the  zygomae  in  males  are  often  heavier,  the  facial 
parts  more  massive,  the  lower  jaws  in  general  thicker  and  larger 
than  in  most  other  parts  of  America.  The  features  in  the  living 
must  have  been  correspondingly  strong,  which,  together  with  a 
good  height  of  the  body,  accounts  doubtless  for  the  reports  by 
early  travellers  as  to  the  size  and  strength  of  the  people,  as  it 
accounts  for  most  of  the  reports  of  Florida  "giants"  which  are 
reaching  the  Press  and  our  Institutions  now  from  amateur 
explorers. 

The  explanation  of  these  conditions  lies  on  one  hand  in  a 
sturdy  stock  to  start  with,  and  on  the  other  in  a  plentiful  supply 
and  the  nature  of  food.  The  weight  of  the  skulls  and  bones  is, 
however,  not  always  due  to  increased  thickness,  but  to  mineraliza- 
tion. Outside  perhaps  of  parts  of  Argentina  there  is  no  other 
large  part  of  the  American  continent  where  mineralization  of 
bones  is  as  rapid,  as  general  and  also  as  varied  as  in  Florida.  The 
sands  full  of  shell  detritus,  the  shell  mounds,  the  muck,  the  brown 
waters  of  Florida,  all  favor  infiltration  of  bones  with  lime  salts 
as  well  as  other  mineral  constituents;  in  other  words,  a  relatively 
rapid  fossilization. 


>  Brooks  (W.  K.).    On  the  Lucayan  Indians.     Mem.  Nat.  Ac.  Sc,  1889,  iv,  PI.  2,  215-222. 


Anthropology  of  Florida  87 


In  our  collection  there  are  human  bones  from  Florida  that 
are  almost  so  much  silica,  limestone,  or  iron  ore,  while  one 
skeleton  preserved  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  is  wholly 
embedded  in  black,  hard  manganese  sandstone;  and  there  are, 
as  already  remarked,  few  bones  from  the  older  mounds  or  shell 
heaps  that  do  not  show  some  mineralization.  It  is  these  super- 
added mineral  constituents  which  account  in  the  main  for  the 
extraordinary  weight  of  many  of  the  skulls  and  bones  from  the 
peninsula,  and  it  is  the  additional  weight  which  augments  and 
at  times  as  shown  by  control  measurements,  may  even  be  wholly 
responsible  for,  the  impression  of  massiveness. 

As  to  the  really  increased  thickness  of  some  of  the  crania  and 
some  of  the  bones  there  are,  as  already  implied,  reasons  to 
believe  that  these  conditions  were  not  wholly  due  to  muscular 
strength,  though  plainly  the  people  and  especially  the  men  were 
sturdy,  but  that  they  had  considerable  to  do  with  the  diet  of 
these  Indians.  This  consisted  very  largely  of  fish  and  especially 
molluscs,  both  rich  in  phosphates.  The  generally  more  or  less 
mineralized  water,  too,  may  have  contributed.  Whether  directly 
or  indirectly,  a  rich  life-long  diet  with  increased  intake  of 
bone-forming  materials,  could  hardly  fail  to  affect  the  skeleton. 
It  is  these  agencies  in  the  writer's  belief  that  are  largely  re- 
sponsible for  the  massiveness  of  some  of  the  Florida  skeletons. 
As  will  be  shown  later,  people  of  the  same  physical  stock  else- 
where inland,  living  on  a  substantially  different  diet,  while  also 
strong  and  of  good  stature,  had  no  such  thick  skulls  or  bones 
as  some  of  the  Floridians. 

Disease, — Next  to  massiveness  the  Florida  bones  from  some 
localities  impress  one  with  the  commonness  of  disease.  This  con- 
sists essentially  of  inflammatory  processes,  periostitis  and  osteo- 
periostitis, particularly  on  the  tibia  and  other  long  bones.  These 
lesions  suggest  strongly  a  syphilitic  origin  and  it  would  seem 


88  Ales  Hrdlicka 


that  here  if  anywhere  the  problem  of  the  presence  of  pre-Colum- 
bian syphilis  in  America  could  be  settled.  But  even  here  the 
evidence  is  not  conclusive.  In  the  first  place  there  is  as  yet  no 
decisive  proof  that  the  lesions  in  question  are  syphilitic,  and  if 
the  disease  was  syphilis,  as  seems  likely,  then  all  that  can  be  said 
positively  is  that  it  was  prevalent  and  of  a  destructive  form, 
as  judged  by  the  osseous  lesions,  ajter  the  Indian  came  into  con- 
tact with  the  Spaniards,  for  in  many  of  the  mounds  with  the 
diseased  bones  are  found  articles  of  white  man's  introduction. 
Whether  there  are  any  burial  mounds  in  which  these  bone 
lesions  are  completely  absent  has  not  yet  been  determined.  All 
that  can  be  said  is  that  there  are  localities  in  Florida  from  which 
no  diseased  bones  have  been  collected.  It  is  strange  that  no 
mention  of  the  presence  of  venereal  disease  is  made  in  any  of  the 
accounts  of  the  peninsula;  but  the  subject  of  disease  has  received 
no  attention  in  these  poor  records. 

Unity  of  Type. — The  third  most  marked  impression  made 
upon  the  student  by  the  Floridian  skeletal  material  and  par- 
ticularly by  the  crania,  is  the  similarity  of  type.  The  mass  of 
the  remains  from  all  parts  of  the  peninsula  represented  in  our 
collections  appear  to  be  clearly  those  of  one  well  characterized 
physical  strain  of  people.  The  more  northern  parts  of  the  west 
coast,  the  Tampa  to  Charlotte  Bay  region,  the  St.  John's  River, 
the  older  parts  of  the  east  coast  population,  all  show  the  same 
prevailing  type  of  skulls,  stature,  robustness,  form;  and  measure- 
ments only  confirm  this  impression. 

Yet  here  and  there  is  a  skull  that  differs  from  the  rest, 
shows  different  outlines,  or  is  in  some  important  respects  beyond 
the  ordinary  limits  of  variation;  and  the  proportion  of  such 
specimens  rises  in  some  spots — especially  it  seems  in  the  east 
and  towards  the  south.  But  there  is  seldom  any  sharp  line  of 
distinction.  In  general  the  odd  types  connect  by  imperceptible 
gradations  with  the  more  regular  forms,  indicating  admixture. 


Anthropology  of  Florida  89 

And  the  signs  point  to  a  long  lasting  admixture,  though  with  the 
odd  type  as  the  more  recent  comer.  All  of  this  will  be  made 
clearer  by  the  measurements.  It  will  now  suffice  to  say  that,  as 
the  results  of  visual  observation  on  Florida  skeletal  material, 
we  obtain  the  rather  simple  impression  of  one  well  marked 
prevalent  and  older  physical  type  of  people;  and  of  a  strain 
smaller  in  numbers,  not  far  distant  in  stature  and  other  features, 
though  slightly  less  robust,  coming  gradually  somewhat  later 
and  until  fairly  recently,  admixing  here  more,  here  less  with  the 
older  type,  and  in  some  localities  even  remaining  fairly  pure. 
There  is  no  evidence  of  there  having  been  anything  before  the 
older  of  these  two  types;  and  there  is  no  sign  of  any  other  in- 
trusion outside  of  the  second  contingent. 

Our  task  will  be  to  single  out  and  identify  if  possible  these  two 
peoples. 

THE    SKULL 

The  total  number  of  undeformed  or  nearly  undeformed 
Florida  skulls  found  available  for  measurement  was,  as  stated, 
173,  of  which  121  males  and  52  females;  but  many  of  these 
specimens  lacked  the  facial  or  basal  parts. 

The  material  ranged  from  specimens  enclosed  in  solidified 
coquina,  and  the  characteristic  dark  more  or  less  fossilized 
skulls  from  some  of  the  more  northern  mounds,  to  the  relatively 
fresh-looking  specimens  from  the  shell-heaps  of  Charlotte 
Harbor;  and  the  visual  impression  even  more  than  the  measure- 
ments spoke  for  the  presence  of  one  prevalent,  older,  round- 
headed,  with  one  subsidiary  and  on  the  whole  fresher,  more 
oblong-headed  type.  Yet  these  types  occurred  nowhere  clearly 
separated,  but  were  well  commingled — unless  it  were  in  some 
spots  in  the  south,  from  which,  however,  the  collections  as  yet 
are  too  scarce  to  allow  of  any  definite  conclusion. 


90  Ales  Hrdlicka 


The  blackish,  brown  or  grey  discoloration  of  the  skulls  and 
bones,  with  their  frequent  above-average  massiveness  accentu- 
ated by  the  increased  weight  through  mineralization,  gives  the 
older  Florida  skeletal  remains  a  characteristic  aspect  which 
makes  it  easy  to  tell  them  apart  from  those  of  other  regions  and 
tends  to  create  an  impression  of  a  different  variety,  a  different 
population  than  that  of  the  ordinary  Indian.  Only  the  fresher 
material  looks  like  that  of  other  Indians.  But  detailed  observa- 
tion and  especially  measurements  soon  do  away  with  any  illusion 
in  these  respects. 

Another  deception  that  on  actual  test  soon  vanished,  was 
that  of  extraordinary  stature,  not  to  speak  of  giantism.  Strong 
and  big  men  there  were,  but  measurements  of  the  long  bones 
failed  to  show  a  single  six-footer  even,  though  judging  from  the 
averages  there  may  have  been  occasionally  such  individuals  in 
the  population. 

Descriptive  Features  of  the  Skull. — The  generally  defective 
state  of  preservation  of  the  Florida  material  makes  anything  like 
a  systematic  detailed  description  out  of  the  question;  and  what 
there  is  does  not  present,  outside  of. the  perceptibly  greater 
massiveness  in  many  of  the  specimens,  anything  which  would 
not  be  common  also  to  other  Indians  of  related  types. 

The  vault,  looked  at  from  above,  is  in  a  large  majority  of 
cases  a  shorter  or  longer  ovoid,  approaching  in  some  of  the  broad- 
est heads  to  a  short  elliptical  or  rounder  form  (PL  XII,  pi. XIV). 
The  sagittal  region  is  only  slightly  to  moderately  raised,  not  keel 
shaped.  The  forehead  ranges  from  rather  low  to  medium,  as  is 
usual  in  Indians.  The  supra-orbital  ridges,  as  well  as  the  occipital 
crest,  may  be  heavy  in  the  males,  but  in  no  case  were  they 
observed  to  form  a  complete  arch.  In  females  the  supra-orbital 
ridges  are  generally  moderate  to  small,  the  occipital  crests 
absent. 


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Anthropology  of  Florida 91 

The  facial  traits  impress  one  by  the  strength  of  the  zygomse, 
malars  and  dental  arch;  the  lower  jaw  by  its  general  strength 
and  size.  In  a  few  instances  the  lower  jaw  is  truly  enormous 
(PI.  XVII,  pi.  XVIII). 

The  orbits  are  variable,  ranging  from  mesoseme  to 
megaseme.  The  nose,  moderately  raised  and  moderately  broad, 
is  frequently  rather  long.  The  nasal  spine  is  generally  low;  the 
lower  borders  of  the  nasal  aperture  range  from  fairly  well  marked 
to  dull.  Alveolar  prognathism  is  somewhat  more  marked  than 
in  whites,  as  usual  in  Indians.  Teeth  are  meso-  to  macrodont, 
typically  Indian. 

The  mastoids  are  about  as  the  average  in  Indians,  occasion- 
ally somewhat  heavier.  The  features  of  the  base  of  the  skull  in 
general  are  heavier  than  usual,  but  otherwise  typically  Indian. 

The  more  rounded  skulls  on  the  one  hand  and  the  more 
oblong  ones  on  the  other,  show  each  a  considerable  uniformity 
of  type;  furthermore,  except  in  the  relative  length  and  breadth 
of  the  vault  and  in  the  lesser  general  massiveness  of  the  more 
oblong  skulls,  there  are  no  great  differences  and  no  real  separa- 
tion between  the  two  varieties,  the  space  being  filled  by  inter- 
mediary forms.  It  is  plain  that,  to  start  with,  the  two  elements 
entering  into  the  Florida  population  did  not  differ  much  in  their 
facial  features;  and  that  there  has  been  a  prolonged  commingling 
of  the  stronger  older,  and  the  newer  strains,  resulting  in  numerous 
more  or  less  intermediary  forms;  though  the  mixture  has  not 
been  sufficient  to  obliterate  fully  or  even  greatly  the  original  two 
types. 

Measurements. — The  principal  measurements  on  the  unde- 
formed  Florida  crania  show  remarkable  features  with  which  we 
have  thus  far  been  but  little  acquainted  on  this  continent.  In 
size  of  the  vault  the  skulls  compare  favorably  with  those  of  other 
Indian  tribes.    They  are  both  externally  and  internally  slightly 


92  Ales  Hrdlicka 


larger  than  those  of  some  other  Indians,  but  this  is  essentially  a 
matter  of  bulk  and  stature;  where  those  were  similar  the  size 
of  the  head  is  similar.  There  were  some  macrocephab,  also  now 
and  then  a  microcephal  among  the  Floridians,  but  the  mass 
of  the  crania  show  typical  Indian  dimensions.  The  96  East- 
ern States  crania  (north  of  the  Carolinas)  reported  upon  by  the 
writer  in    1916,^   gave   the  average   cranial    module    or    mean 

diameter  -^^ —  ~!" — -  of  15.54  cm.,  while  76  male  Florida 

skulls  give  15.52  cm.;  the  average  module  of  100  female  eastern 
crania  was  14.78,  that  of  34  Florida  skulls  of  the  same  sex  14.93 
cm;  and  the  capacity  agreement  is  similar.  Nineteen  male 
skulls  from  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  gave  the  module  of  15.49 
cm.  with  a  capacity  of  1456  c.c. — 11  Florida  skulls  of  the  same 
sex^  in  which  the  capacity  could  be  determined  gave  respectively 
15.63  cm.  and  1478  c.c.  for  the  same  measurements;  or  taking 
the  largest  series  of  our  eastern  skulls,  the  30  female  crania  from 
New  Jersey,^  we  find  the  average  module  of  14.70  cm.  with  the 
mean  capacity  of  1306  c.c,  while  7  Florida  female  skulls  in  which 
the  capacity  could  well  be  measured  gave  a  module  of  14.85 
cm.  and  capacity  of  1318  c.c.  Whatever  excess  in  general  there 
appears  in  favor  of  Florida  may  be  attributed  in  all  probability 
either  to  insufficiency  of  the  numbers  of  specimens  available  for 
comparison,  or  to  an  excess  of  size  and  weight  of  the  Floridians. 

The  outstanding  feature  of  the  Florida  crania  appears  not  in 
size  but  in  the  measurements  relating  to  their  form.  The  skulls 
are  both  absolutely  and  relatively  very  high.  Curiously,  more- 
over, this  applies  to  both  of  the  types  of  skull  occurring  in  the 
peninsula,  the  rounded  as  well  as  the  more  oblong. 

*  Physical  Anthropology  of  the  Lenape  or  Delawares  and  of  the  Eastern  Indians  in  Gen- 
eral.    Bull.  62,  Bur.  Am.  Ethnol.,  8°,  Washington,  1916,  118. 

*  Leaving  out  two  exceptional  macrocephalic  specimens. 
» Bull.  62,  B.  A.  E.,  119. 


PLATE  XIII.  Side  View  of  a  Male  (uiiper)  and  a  Female  (lower)  Florida  Skull  of  the  Rounded 

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Anthropology  of  Florida 93 

This  characteristic  is  so  marked  and  universal  in  the  peninsula 
as  to  constitute  a  prominent  mark  which  should  prove  of  much 
value  in  tracing  the  origin  and  relations  of  the  population. 

The   feature  is  best  expressed  by  the  Mean  Height   Index 

j^ ry     I    TjN-     Advocated    independently    by    the    writer 

first  in  1916,1  this  Index  is  proving  of  much  value  in  differentia- 
tion of  type  and  will  probably  become  a  permanent  feature  in 
Craniometry. 

The  conditions,  taking  all  the  Florida  crania  together,  are 
shown  in  the  following  tables:  p,  94  et  seq. 

An  effort  to  separate  the  two  types  of  skulls,  the  older  more 
rounded  and  the  evidently  more  recent  and  more  oblong,  by 
measurements,  meets  with  only  a  partial  success  due  to  the 
proximity  of  the  two  forms  in  many  respects.  Visual  observa- 
tions are  here  more  efficient.  They  make  it  plain  that  the 
rounded  type  extended  its  normal  range  of  variation  from  a 
high  brachy-  into  mesocephaly,  while  on  the  other  hand  the 
more  oblong  type,  apparently  sub-dolicho-  to  mesocephalic  in 
its  pure  state,  reached  occasionally  into  sub-brachycephaly. 
But  the  mixed  forms,  as  has  already  been  stated,  bridge  over  the 
separation. 

The  tables  following  p.  98  show  some  of  the  differences  as  well 
as  the  overlapping  of  the  two  types.  The  oblong  heads  appear  to 
be  both  longer  as  well  as  narrower  than  those  of  the  more  rounded 
variety,  and  they  are  both  absolutely  and  relatively  even  higher 
than  the  former,  but  in  size  of  the  facial  and  nasal  measurements 
the  two  types  show  much  parallelism. 

A  good  fortune  was  to  find  in  the  collections  eleven  male 
skulls  of  the  Seminoles   together,  the  measurements  of  which 

»  Bull.  62,  B.  A.  E.,  116. 


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PLATE  XVII.  Extraordinary  Lower  Jaw   from   the  Florida  Mounds — Full  Size 


PLATE  XVIII.  Extraordinary  Lower  Jaws   from   the   Florida   Mounds— Full  Size 


Anthropology  of  Florida 


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are  here  given  for  comparison.  The  data  will  be  discussed  later; 
but  it  will  be  seen  at  a  glance  that  the  Seminole  crania  show  a 
considerable  resemblance  to  the  oblong  Florida  skulls  of  older 
extraction.  This  relation  helps  materially  to  sustain  the  distinct- 
ness of  the  oblong  cranial  type  of  the  mounds  and  shell  heaps 
from  the  more  rounded  form,  and  indicates  strongly  where  lie 
the  relations  and  possibly  derivation  of  the  former. 

In  seriation  (table  p.  97)  and  in  the  more  detailed  graphic 
outline  of  the  distribution  of  the  cephalic  index  in  Florida 
(Fig.  3)  there  is  noticeable  a  tendency  towards  a  double 
grouping,  one  in  mesocephaly  and  one  in  brachycephaly,  which 
also  supports  the  deduction  of  the  presence  in  mixture  of  two 
separate  forms  of  skull. 

The  mean  height  index,  which  may  well  be  studied  in  the 
males,  shows  a  considerable  range  of  distribution,  with  marked 
aggregation  between  86  and  88  or  more  broadly  between  85 
and  89  (p.  100).  The  seriation  gives  nowhere  more  than  one  mode, 
indicating  that  in  this  respect  the  more  rounded  and  the  more 
oblong  types  of  skulls  are  much  alike  (Fig.  4).  Taken  separately 
the  more  oblong  skulls  are  seen  to  be  even  slightly  higher,  and 
that  both  relatively  and  absolutely,  than  those  of  the  rounded 
type,  which  is  a  fact  of  some  importance  (table  p.  95). 

After  having  reached  satisfying  evidence  of  the  existence  in 
the  mounds  and  shell  heaps  of  Florida  of  two  distinct  though 
admixed  cranial  forms  representing  two  component  strains  of 
population,  the  next  point  of  importance  was  to  determine  if 
possible  the  original  distribution  of  the  rounded  and  the  oblong 
skulls  over  the  peninsula. 

During  the  examination  it  soon  became  obvious  that  the 
oblong  forms  of  skull  were  relatively  more  frequent  in  certain 
eastern  and  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  peninsula,  than  else- 


Anthropology  of  Florida 


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Anthropology  of  Florida  99 


where;  but  unfortunately  these  parts  are  much  less  well  repre- 
sented in  our  collections  than  the  regions  further  west  and  north, 
which  makes  it  hard  to  draw  valid  conclusions,  and  to  say 
whether  the  oblong  type  was  anywhere  present  exclusively. 

In  order  to  obtain  as  much  light  on  the  subject  as  possible, 
the  available  cranial  material  was  divided  into  several  groups, 
corresponding  to  the  traditionally  and  otherwise  most  impor- 
tant parts  of  the  territory.  These  regions  are  respectively  the 
West  Coast  or  the  Caloosa  country;  the  St.  John's  River  and  the 
remaining  region  of  the  Timucua  tribes;  the  East  Coast;  and  the 
Southeast  with  the  South.  The  data  may  be  consulted  in  the  fol- 
lowing tables  which  give  us  it  is  seen  several  valuable  indications. 

The  West  Coast  and  the  St.  John's  River  regions  are,  what- 
ever linguistic  or  other  differences  there  may  have  been  between 
them,  from  the  standpoint  of  physical  anthropology  practically 
identical.  Both  show  the  presence  and  influence  of  the  oblong 
heads,  but  the  type  is  substantially  that  of  the  old  brachycephals. 
The  East  Coast  also  is  prevalently  the  same,  but  along  this  coast 
and  from  Lake  Okechobee  southward  there  becomes  apparent  a 
greater  infusion  of  the  more  oblong  high  type  of  skulls,  and  there 
are  spots  where  this  type  may  even  have  been  present  alone. 

Facial  Proportions. — The  facial  measurements  of  the  Florida 
skulls  show,  too,  some  points  of  special  interest,  though  in  general 
representing  well  in  every  particular  the  Indian  type. 

The  measurements  show  the  face  to  be  both  high  and  rather 
broad;  the  relative  proportions,  as  expressed  by  the  indices,  are, 
however,  quite  usual.  The  breadth  of  the  face  is  to  that  of  the 
skull  as  approximately  97.5  to  100  in  the  males  and  as  96  to  100 
in  the  females — for  Indians  not  very  unusual  proportions. 

In  conformity  with  the  high  face  we  have  also  a  rather  high 
nose,  with  medium  breadth,  giving  in  both  sexes  a  fairly  low 
nasal  index.    Under  ordinary  conditions  a  low  or  even  a  moderate 


100 


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Anthropology  of  Florida 


101 


Undeformed  Florida  Crania — Females 

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102  Ales  Hrdlicka 


nasal  index  in  tribes  living  so  far  south  would  strongly  suggest  a 
northern  rather  than  a  southern  derivation,  and  that  within  not 
very  far  distant  times,  for  of  all  features  of  the  skull  the  pro- 
portions and  particularly  the  width  of  the  nasal  aperture  bear 
probably  on  the  whole  the  closest  relation  to  environmental 
conditions,  more  particularly  heat  and  humidity.  But  the 
moderate  nasal  index  of  the  Floridians  is  due  essentially  to  the 
increased  height  of  the  face  which  affects  all  its  parts  including 
the  nose.  The  Floridian  nose  must  therefore  be  described  as 
high  and  not  narrow. 

The  alveolar  and  facial  angles,  and  the  dimensions  of  the 
palate  as  well  as  those  of  the  teeth,  could  be  studied  on  account 
of  the  very  frequent  damage  or  absence  of  the  facial  parts  on  only 
a  few  specimens,  where  they  showed  ordinary  Indian  conditions; 
and  the  same  applies  to  the  orbits. 

An  abstract  of  the  main  facial  measurements  together  with 
their  distribution  is  given  in  the  following  tables. 

The  lower  jaws  from  the  Florida  mounds  deserve  more  than 
a  passing  notice;  not  so  much  from  the  racial  standpoint, 
perhaps,  but  on  account  of  the  individual  variation  and  their 
development,  this  last  reaching  in  some  instances  truly  re- 
markable proportions. 

Except  in  the  physically  weakest  tribes  north  of  Mexico,  the 
Indian  lower  jaw  averages  distinctly  larger  and  heavier  in  both 
sexes  than  that  in  the  working  classes  of  any  American  whites. 
The  conditions  are  shown  best  in  the  second  of  the  following  three 
tables.  Of  the  six  principal  dimensions  of  the  lower  jaw,  in  only 
one,  the  height  of  the  ascending  ramus — a  dimension  depending 
more  on  the  length  of  the  face  than  on  the  strength  of  the 
mandible — does  the  lower  jaw  of  the  whites  come  near  the 
general  Indian  average;  in  all  the  rest  of  the  measurements  the 
Indian  jaw  is  the  larger  and  heavier.    And  the  Florida  lower  jaws, 


Anthropology  of  Florida 


103 


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Seriation" 

THE  UPPER  FACIAL  INDEX  (^^^^oIarPtNasionX100\ 

\     Diam.  bizygom.  max.     ' 

45.1- 
47.5 

47.6- 
50 

50.1- 

52.5 

52.6- 
55 

55.1- 
57.5 

57.6- 
60 

60.1- 
62.5 

MALES  (45) 
Percent: 

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10 
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10 

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24.6 

10 
22.2 

1 
2.2 

1 
2.2 

FEMALES  (11) 
Percent: 

— 

3 
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3 
27.3 

2 

18.2 

3 

27.3 

— 

— 

THE  NASAL  INDEX 

Below 
40 

40.1- 

42.5 

42.6- 
45 

45.1- 
47.5 

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50 

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52.5 

52.6- 
55 

55.1- 

57.5 

MALES  (63) 
Percent 

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3 
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15 
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5 
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3 
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4 
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2 
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2 
11.7 

7 
412 

3 
17.6 

— 

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Anthropology  of  Florida  105 

together  with  the  related  Louisiana  lot  and  with  those  of  our 
most  robust  Plains  tribe,  the  Sioux,  stand  in  all  these  respects  at 
the  head  of  the  Indians,  and  that,  there  are  reasons  to  believe, 
not  merely  at  the  head  of  those  available  for  comparison  but 
probably  of  North  American  Indians  in  general. 

As  to  some  of  the  individual  jaws  from  Florida,  there  are 
five  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  that  are  truly  huge.  Their 
measurements  are  given  separately  in  the  third  of  the  tables 
that  follow,  but  the  visual  impression  they  produce  is  even 
greater.  There  is  nothing  that  would  equal  these  specimens  as 
a  whole  in  the  National  Museum  collections,  except  a  fresh  jaw  of 
a  Mongolian  collected  by  the  writer  in  1912  at  Urga.^  It  is 
small  wonder  that  amateur  collectors  in  Florida  finding  now  and 
then  such  a  jaw,  attribute  it  to  "giants."  As  a  matter  of  fact 
none  of  these  specimens  proceed,  so  far  as  can  be  determined, 
from  men  of  any  extraordinary  stature,  but  doubtless  their 
owners  were  powerful  individuals. 

Large,  powerful  individual  jaws  are  met  with  also  in  the 
mound  remains  from  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  and  over  the  rest 
of  the  region  occupied  once  by  the  strong  southern  brachy- 
cephals.  They  mean  powerful  muscles  of  mastication,  as  well 
as  abundant  nourishment  of  the  bone-forming  nature,  rather 
than  any  distinct  physical  type.  Exceptionally  strong  specimens, 
though  not  perhaps  equalling  the  Florida  maximum,  may 
occasionally  be  met  with  in  other  robust  Indian  tribes,  regardless 
of  their  derivation. 

In  one  of  the  Florida  jaws.  No.  242,632  N.  M.,  otherwise  not 
massive  or  above  the  Florida  average,^  the  symphyseal  height 
is  no  less  than  4.95  cm. — possibly  a  unique  proportion.    The  total 


*  No.  278,790;  D.  ant.  post.  8.4;  d.  bigon.  12.;  height  at  symph.  4.2;  h.  of  1.  asc.  ramus  7.7; 
breath  min.  of  asc.  ram.  4.05;  thickn.  oppos.  mid.  of  2  1.  molar  2.  cm. 

"  D.  a-p.  7.8;  d.  big.  11.6;  h.  of  1.  asc.  r.  7.3;  br.  min.  of  asc.  r.  3.4;  thickn.  at  2  1.  moL  1.4  cm. 


106 


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Anthropology  of  Florida  109 

height  of  the  face  in  this  case  is  15.1  cm.,  that  from  the  alveolar 
point  to  nasion  8.9  cm. — with  the  maximum  bizygomatic 
breadth  of  13.6  cm.    The  specimen  is  not  acromegalic. 

Comparative. — Summarizing  briefly  the  results  of  the  cranial 
measurements,  we  see  that  the  Florida  skulls  are  essentially 
brachycephalic  and  mesocephalic,  the  dolichocephalic  element 
being  almost  wholly  absent;  that  in  general  they  are  both  abso- 
lutely and  relatively  high;  that  notwithstanding  their  above- 
average  massiveness  they  are  of  good  capacity;  that  the  face  is 
both  high  as  well  as  fairly  broad;  and  that  the  nose  is  high  with 
medium  breadth,  giving,  for  Indians,  a  fairly  low  nasal  index. 

We  have  seen  further  that  it  was  possible  to  distinguish  in 
the  remains  two  separate,  though  mixed  and  in  many  respects 
connecting  types — the  prevalent  and  probably  on  the  whole 
older  more  round-headed,  and  the  less  frequent  and  evidently 
somewhat  more  recent  to  recent  oblong-headed  variety.  The 
next  problems  that  confront  us  are  the  determinations  of  the 
identity,  relations  and  spread  of  these  types. 

Had  we  ample  skeletal  material  from  all  the  southern  States 
as  well  as  from  the  Antilles  and  eastern  Mexico,  the  above  tasks 
would  be  very  simple.  As  it  is  we  are  still  far  from  this  goal,  and 
we  are  even  poorer  in  measurements  on  the  living  remnants  of 
the  various  tribes  that  survive  in  these  regions.  In  trying  to 
identify  the  Floridians,  therefore,  the  anthropologist  is  con- 
fronted with  serious  difficulties.  From  many  localities  there  are 
mere  samplings  of  skeletal  remains  and  from  the  larger  part  of 
the  Antilles  and  practically  the  whole  of  eastern  Mexico  there  is 
nothing  whatever.  And  yet  there  are,  thanks  mainly  to  the 
assiduous  labors  of  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore  and  further  north  of 
Professor  F.  W.  Putnam,  precious  collections  which,  with  the 
relatively  abundant  material  from  the  eastern  and  central  States, 


110  Ales  Hrdlicka 


as  well  as  further  westward,  enable  us  to  approach  at  least  some 
definite  conclusions. 

As  to  further  South  the  material  at  our  disposal  includes  some 
imperfect  specimens  from  Cuba,  even  less  from  Santo  Domingo, 
a  few  skulls  from  Jamaica  and  a  small  series  of  modern  crania 
from  Yucatan.  In  all  these  localities  we  meet  with  the  same  type 
of  artificial  cranial  deformation  as  in  Florida.  All  of  the  available 
non-deformed  skulls  are  brachycephalic  and  very  similar  in 
many  respects;  but  they  are  all  less  thick  and  robust  and  per- 
ceptibly smaller — proceeding  from  smaller  people — than  the 
Floridian  skulls,  and  what  differentiates  them  definitely  from 
these  is  that  they  are  all  both  absolutely  and  relatively  to  the 
other  measurements,  decidedly  lower.  Outside  of  brachycephaly 
and  of  the  similarity  of  artificial  deformation,  there  is  therefore 
thus  far  no  strong  lead  that  would  point  to  the  derivation  of 
either  one  of  the  Florida  types  of  skulls  from  the  southward. 

To  the  North  and  Northwest  of  the  peninsula  the  indications 
are  very  different.  A  few  imperfect  specimens  from  South 
Carolina  appear  to  show  the  same  brachycephalic  type  as  that 
of  Florida.  A  little  larger  collection  from  Georgia  shows  the 
same  type  to  the  point  of  identity,  including  the  artificial  de- 
formation; and  the  same  is  true  of  some  skulls  from  Alabama 
and  parts  of  Mississippi.  Due  to  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore's 
assiduous  efforts  we  are  much  more  fortunate  with  collections 
from  Arkansas  and  Louisiana — and  a  comparison  of  the  pre- 
vailing, brachycephalic,  high-skulled  type  of  those  regions  shows 
an  exceedingly  close  relation  of  the  same  with  that  of  the 
Floridians.  From  Texas,  regrettably,  we  have  hardly  anything 
as  yet  in  the  way  of  older  skulls  or  skeletons.  But  there  is  col- 
lectively a  riches  of  material  from  Tennessee,  and  the  prevalent 
brachycephalic  part  of  this  material — in  the  undeformed  skulls 
— shows  conclusively  that  it  also  belongs  to  the  same  type  as  the 
main  strain  of  Florida. 


Anthropology  of  Florida 


111 


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Anthropology  of  Florida  113 


Tennessee  and  Arkansas,  however,  appear  to  represent  the 
territorial  Hmits  of  the  type  towards  the  North  and  Northwest, 
unless  it  survives,  as  seems  probable,  in  some  living  offshoots' 
such  as  a  part  of  the  Osage  and  the  Winnebago.  The  eastern 
states,  the  Appalachians,  the  central  states  and  the  plains,  are 
occupied  by  different  types  of  Indians— in  larger  part  by  the 
dolichocephalic  to  mesocephalic  Algonquin,  in  part  by  the  low- 
vaulted  Sioux  and  in  part  by  the  medium-high  old  brachycephals 
of  certain  portions  of  the  Ohio  mound  region. 

But  this  is  not  the  whole  story.  We  have  roughly  traced 
here  the  territorial  limits  of  the  southern  brachycephals,  but  in 
all  these  regions  there  was  a  sprinkling  also  of  a  high  vaulted 
mesocephalic  type  of  population.  This  population  is  plainly  not 
a  mere  variant  of  the  more  round-headed  type,  and  connects 
with  the  North.  Previous  studies  on  the  tribes  of  the  eastern 
states^  have  shown  not  only  that  these  tribes  as  a  whole  were 
rather  high-vaulted,  as  is  common  with  the  oblong-headed  skulls 
on  the  whole  American  continent,  but  also  that  as  we  proceeded 
southwards  the  mean  height  index  and  also  the  height-length 
index  were  gradually  increasing.  These  records  are  shown  on 
pages  115,  116. 

A  study  of  the  Seminole  skulls  from  Florida  shows  similar 
features  as  the  West  Virginia  skulls  above — a  general  relation  to 
the  Algonquin  type  of  skull,  but  often  with  somewhat  increased 
breadth  and  generally  increased  height  of  the  vault;  and  there 
are  indications  that  this  type  was  shared  more  or  less  by  other 
southeastern  oblong-headed  people. 

It  appears  that  this  eastern  cranial  type,  inclining  gradually 
more  and  more  to  mesocephaly  as  well  as  to  a  high  vault,  reached 
eventually  as  far  south  as  Florida  and  as  far  southwest  as  Arkan- 

1  Bull.  62,  B.  A.  E.,  117,  118. 


114  Ales  Hrdlicka 


sas  and  Louisiana.  It  is  according  to  all  indications  identical 
not  only  with  the  Seminoles,  but  evidently  also  with  the  older 
more  oblong-headed  element  of  the  Floridian  population.  It  is 
a  sub-type  which  must  have  belonged  to  a  large  portion  of  the 
Muskhogeans;  and  it  may  be  defined  as  a  transitional  type 
between  the  more  northern  one  of  the  Algonquins  and  the  Gulf 
brachycephals. 

The  Muskhogean  confederacy  was,  according  to  the  evidence 
we  now  have  at  hand,  more  than  a  confederacy  of  blood-related 
tribes.  It  was  a  confederacy  of  the  Seminoles,  Creeks,  Chica- 
saws  and  others  whose  physical  characteristics  point  more  or 
less  to  the  north,  and  of  the  Choctaws,  Natchez,  Alabamois  and 
related  tribes  who  belonged  to  a  different  type  of  people,  to  the 
strong  southern  brachycephalic  stock  which  included  also  the 
bulk  of  the  Floridians. 

It  would  seem  from  the  present  facts  that  the  bulk  of  the 
Muskhogean  people  must  have  been  derived  originally  from  the 
more  northern  long-headed  tribes;  that  they  extended  once  well 
towards  the  south  from  the  Atlantic  to  and  beyond  the  Missis- 
sippi, but  did  not  occupy,  or  occupied  but  sparsely  or  only  in 
spots,  the  territory  along  the  Gulf;  and  that  then  came  a  rela- 
tively strong  invasion  from  the  West  or  Southwest — possibly 
from  Mexico — of  people  of  a  distinct  type  not  hitherto  repre- 
sented east  of  the  Mississippi;  that  this  current  overflowed  the 
Gulf  states  and  Florida,  overcame  and  absorbed  whatever  there 
may  have  already  been  there,  extended  as  far  as  it  could  north- 
ward, and  in  the  course  of  frequent  warfares  as  well  as  in  amical 
relations,  became  extensively  mingled  and  even  admixed  with 
the  contact  tribes,  admixing  them  to  a  similar  extent.  The 
strongest  of  these  contact  tribes  formed  eventually  a  political 
union  together  with  the  main  portion  of  the  southern  stock, 
which    union    was    the    Muskhogean    confederacy;    and    they 


Indices 


C.  I. 


Comparison  of  Floridian  Brachycephals  with  those 
in  Neighboring  States 

Mean 
H-L.  I.     H-B.  I.       H.  1.  F.  I.    F.  I.  Upper    N.  I. 


i     I    I    I 


100 


80 


60 


40 
Measure 

Cm. 
20 


10 


hi  . 


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B 

Florida  (69  crania) 

Peri-Flnridian  (61       "      ) 

Fig.  6 


Graphic  Comparison  of  Oblong  Crania  from 
Florida  Mounds  and  Shell  Heaps,  with  those  of  the  Seminoles 

Mean 


Indices 

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Cm. 

20 


10 


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Vault:  L. 


H.  CM.     Face:  H.  B.     Nose:  H.        B. 

=  Oblong  Crania.     Florida  Mounds  and  Shell  Heaps  (40) 
=  Seminoles  (11) 
Fig.  7 


Anthropology  of  Florida 


115 


Eastern  and  Southeastern  Crania:     Indians 

MALES 

Locality 

Number 

of 

Skulls 

Cranial 
Index 

Mean 

Height 

Index 

Height 

Length 

Index 

Height 

Breadth 

Index 

Maine 

6 

72.7 

83.- 

71.9 

98.8 

Eastern  Canada 

14 

73.4 

84.4 

73.1 

99.7 

New  York  State 

19 

73.5 

84.4 

73.6 

99.5 

Massachusetts 

14 

72.8 

84.6 

73.5 

101.- 

Rhode  Island 

6 

73.7 

85.3 

74.1 

100.5 

Connecticut 

4 

72.4 

86.5 

73.5 

100.4 

Manhattan  Island 

2 

71.7 

87.5 

75.1 

104.8 

Long  Island 

7 

70.7 

88.1 

74.9 

105.7 

Staten  Island 

4 

71.7 

87.5 

75.2 

104.9 

New  Jersey  (Heye  Coll.) 

4 

73.9 

83.9 

73.1 

98.9 

New  Jersey  (earlier) 

6 

74.6 

86.1 

75.8 

101.2 

Virginia  (misc.) 

12 

75.5 

86.5 

76.2 

99.3 

Virginia  (western) 

15 

75.5 

89.8 

79.- 

103.2 

Seminoles 

11 

77.- 

87.6 

77.6 

100.7 

Oblong  Skulls  of  Florida 

40 

77.9 

88.1 

78.5 

100.8 

116  Ales  Hrdlicka 


possibly  accepted  more  or  less  the  language  or  perhaps  the  main 
language  of  the  more  highly  cultured  southerners. 

This  hypothesis  would  account  for  the  occurrence  of  oblong 
heads  approaching  the  Algonquian  among  the  southern  tribes, 
including  the  older  Floridians;  it  would  account  for  the  per- 
ceptible dilution  of  brachycephaly  observable  in  some  localities, 
more  particularly  in  Florida,  and  it  might  account  for  the  notice- 
able broadening  and  heightening  of  the  skull  of  these  more 
northern  contact  tribes,  which  included  particularly  the  Chica- 
saws.  Creeks  and  Seminoles. 

If  these  views  are  correct  then,  also,  the  language  of  those  of 
the  Muskhogean  tribes  who  were  of  northern  derivation  ought 
to  show  traces  of  the  tribes  of  the  North;  and  one  could  reason- 
ably doubt  the  isolation  of  the  Timucuaan. 

There  are  nevertheless  other  possibilities.  One  of  these  is 
that  the  Gulf  brachycephals  represent  the  original  old  population 
of  these  regions,  the  oblong  heads  impinging  upon  them  from  the 
north  and  penetrating  among  them  later  and  not  accepting,  but 
imparting  to  them  their  own  language,  the  Muskhogean.  In  the 
latter  case  it  would  be  the  Natchez  and  Choctaws  who  ought  to 
show  traces  of  their  ancestral  tongue,  which  might  not  im- 
possibly in  such  a  case  be  the  Timucuaan,  whose  enigmatic 
occurrence  in  a  part  of  the  Florida  population  that  we  now 
know  was  not  physically  different  from  the  rest,  is  hard  to 
explain.  Linguistics  and  archeology  will  doubtless  sooner  or 
later  throw  decisive  light  on  these  problems,  which  from  the 
standpoint  of  physical  anthropology  are  rather  immaterial,  for 
the  results  in  this  line  remain  the  same. 

Still  another  view  would  be  that  the  remarkable  height  of 
the  skull  which  is  the  distinguishing  feature  of  these  southern 
populations,  both  of  the  oblong-  and  of  the  round-headed  kind, 
is  a  local  or  regional  development.     In  general  these  skulls  are 


Anthropology  of  Florida 117 

all  typically  and  purely  Indian,  but  the  accentuated  height  of 
at  least  the  rounded  skulls  is  not  a  generic  Indian  character  and 
must  have  developed  specially  somewhere — why  not  in  the 
Gulf  states?  The  objections  are  that  in  the  round-headed  type, 
at  least,  the  feature  is  universal  in  the  large  territory  under 
consideration;  that  old  neighboring  people  such  as  the  brachy- 
cephals  of  Ohio  or  those  of  the  Antilles,  have  not  been  so  affected; 
and  that  there  is  not  apparent  in  the  great  region  occupied  by 
these  high-skulled  people  any  environmental  or  other  agency 
sufficiently  peculiar  or  strong  or  universal  to  be  possibly  taken 
for  a  cause  of  such  marked  physical  alteration. 

The  whole  matter  shows  once  more  and  most  strongly  the 
need  of  our  gaining  a  better  knowledge  of  the  anthropology  of 
the  eastern  parts  of  Mexico.  The  head  deformation  of  the  Gulf 
brachycephals,  their  culture,  various  elements  of  their  language, 
all  seem  to  point  to  Mexico  rather  than  elsewhere;  but  we  have 
no  records,  especially  no  skeletal  remains  of  the  eastern  Mexican 
population  which  would  enable  us  to  settle  this  question  definitely 
one  way  or  the  other.  The  next  most  pressing  need  is  that  of 
more  satisfactory  data  on  the  brachycephalic  North  America 
Indian  population  in  general  and  in  particular  those  of  the 
Columbia  basin  and  neighboring  regions.  Until  we  have  such 
records  we  shall  be  hampered  in  our  generalizations  and  our  work 
cannot  possibly  reach  the  conclusiveness  which  we  strive  for. 

THE    LONG    BONES    OF    FLORIDA 

As  the  object  of  these  studies  is  not  so  much  a  minute  de- 
scription as  a  broad  precision  and  identification  of  the  remains  of 
the  Floridian  aborigines,  and  as  in  addition  our  skeletal  collections 
from  the  peninsula  are  far  from  adequate  when  it  comes  to  many 
secondary  parts  of  the  skeleton,  this  section  will  be  restricted  to  the 
four  principal  bones  of  the  limbs  which  are  the  index  of  strength 
and  stature,  namely,  the  humerus,  radius,  femur  and  tibia. 


118  Ales  Hrdlicka 


The  specimens  included  in  these  examinations  are  from 
different  parts  of  Florida,  though  mainly  the  west  coast,  and 
belonged  essentially  to  the  brachycephalic  old  populatipn.  They, 
as  was  the  case  with  most  of  the  skulls,  show  no  appreciable 
differences  as  to  locality  and  may  therefore  be  legitimately 
grouped  together.  The  tabulated  results  which  follow  are  very 
instructive.    They  are  also  quite  harmonious. 

STATURE    OF    THE    OLD    FLORIDA    POPULATION 

The  mean  lengths  of  the  four  principal  long  bones,  the 
humerus,  radius,  femur  and  tibia,  fail  to  show  any  exceptional 
height  for  the  Floridians.  The  various  methods  of  estimating 
stature  from  the  lengths  of  these  bones,  including  the  writer's 
own  coefficients  obtained  on  a  large  amount  of  dissecting  room 
material,  indicate  collectively  that  the  mean  height  of  the  mound 
and  shell-heap  Florida  men  was  between  165  and  168  cm. 
(approximately  5  ft.  6  in.),  while  that  of  the  women  was  between 
152  and  154  cm.  (about  5  ft.) — which  is  very  near  the  averages 
of  our  present  mixed  white  population.  The  tallest  Florida 
male  represented  in  our  collection  reached  not  over  178  cm.,  or 
5  ft.  10  in.  Thus  ends  the  fallacy  of  the  "giant-like"  Floridians, 
inspired  probably  by  their  sturdy  build,  by  the  apprehension 
of  the  Spaniards  who  first  came  into  contact  with  them,  and  by 
their  comparing  them  with  the  smaller  Indians  they  knew  before 
as  well  as  with  themselves. 

THE    HUMERUS 

The  following  two  tables  give  the  dimensions  of  the  Florida 
humerus.  The  length  of  the  female  bones  to  that  of  the  males 
is  as  91  to  100,  compared  to  91.2  among  North  American  Indians 
in  general — a  remarkable  uniformity.  Similar  relations  as  to 
strength  of  shaft  at  middle  are  85  in  the  Floridians,  91.3  among 


Anthropology  of  Florida 


119 


Florida — Humerus 

Length 

At  Middle: 

D.  Max. 

D.  Min. 

Mean  Diam. 

Index 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

BOTH  SIDES 

Males 

(18) 

(40) 

(40) 

(40) 

(40) 

Aver. 

32.3 

2.41 

1.84 

2.13 

76.5 

Min. 

29.3 

2.1 

1.65 

1.90 

69.1 

Max. 

34.5 

2.95 

2.2 

2.57 

91.5 

Females 

(8) 

(45) 

(45) 

(45) 

(45) 

Aver. 

29.4 

2.10 

1.53 

1.81 

72.8 

Min. 

27.8 

1.7 

1.30 

1.5 

61.9 

Max. 

3L- 

2.4 

1.85 

2.1 

"     83.- 

RIGHT 

Males 

(13) 

(20) 

(20) 

(20) 

(20) 

Aver. 

32.72 

2.47 

1.86 

2.165 

75.1 

Females 

(5) 

(22) 

(22) 

(22) 

(22) 

Aver. 

29.32 

2.11 

1.49 

1.80 

70.9 

LEFT 

Males 

(5) 

(20) 

(20) 

(20) 

(20) 

Aver. 

3L52 

2.35 

1.83 

2.09 

77.9 

Females 

(3) 

(23) 

(23) 

(23) 

(23) 

Aver. 

29.47 

2.09 

1.56 

1.825 

74.6 

120 


Ales  Hrdlicka 


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Anthropology  of  Florida  121 


Indians  in  general,  91.6  in  American  whites.  The  sexual  differ- 
ence in  the  Florida  humeri  is  here  relatively  large,  which  as 
will  be  seen  later  is  due  to  an  excess  of  strength  of  the  bone 
m  the  males  of  the  peninsula.  The  right  bone  is  notably  stronger 
than  the  left  in  breadth  and  somewhat  stronger  also  in  thickness 
in  the  males;  the  right  is  slightly  the  broader,  but  the  left  slightly 
thicker  than  the  right  in  the  females,  pointing  to  marked  differ- 
ences in  occupation  of  the  two  sexes. 

The  second  table  shows  the  Florida  humeri  to  be  slightly 
longer  than  the  average  in  all  our  other  available  Indian  series, 
and  almost  exactly  like  those  of  the  actual  mixed  white  popula- 
tion of  the  United  States.  In  robustness  they  exceed  in  both 
dimensions  and  both  sexes,  but  more  particularly  in  the  males,  the 
general  average  of  the  Indians.  In  the  males  they,  in  fact,  exceed 
slightly  even  the  ordinary  American  whites,  the  females  in  the 
two  groups  being  very  nearly  alike  with  the  figures  very  slightly 
in  favor  of  the  working  white  woman.  The  mean  strength  of 
the  male  bones  compares  with  that  of  North  American  Indians 
in  general  as  111.5,  that  of  the  female  as  107.1  to  100.  It  was 
doubtless  their  strenuous  life  as  boatmen  and  fishermen  that 
accounts  for  this  extraordinary  strength  of  the  arm  of  the  male 
Floridian. 

^  In  accord  with  its  strength,  the  index  of  the  shaft  at  middle 
is  in  both  sexes  higher— in  other  words,  the  humerus  is  less  flat— 
than  in  the  average  Indian,  but  is  still  very  perceptibly  lower 
than  in  whites.  This  flatness  of  the  humerus,  together  with  that 
of  the  tibia  and  the  subtrochanteric  portion  of  the  feinur,  is 
a  generalized  racial  characteristic  of  the  American  Indian. 

Perforation  of  the  Septum.— The  48  male  humeri  that  could 
be  examined  for  this  feature  give  22.1  per  cent.,  the  30  female 
bones,  70  per  cent,  of  perforations.  This  gives  the  mean  of  46.5 
per  cent.,  which  is  considerably  higher  than  that  in  Indians  in 


122 


Ales  Hrdlicka 


general  (30  per  cent,  in  2,985  bones)  and  of  course  very  much 
higher  than  in  other  races  (U.  S.  Whites  5.3  per  cent.,  U.  S. 
Negroes  19  per  cent.).  It  is  also  the  maximum  for  any  tribe 
thus  far  examined  except,  which  is  interesting,  the  Indians  of 
Arkansas  and  Louisiana  (46  per  cent,  of  perforations),  who,  as 
we  have  seen  in  connection  with  the  skull,  belonged  to  the  same 
stock  as  the  Floridians. 

More  in  detail  the  conditions  found  were  as  follows: 


FLORIDA  HUMERI:  PERFORATION  OF  SEPTUM 
Perforations 


Sex  and  Number  of 
Specimens 

pp. 
(pin-point) 

1 
(small) 

2 
(medium) 

3 
(large) 

All 

Males  (48) 

Per  cent. 
2.1 

Per  cent. 
14.6 

Per  cent. 
4.2 

Per  cent. 
2.1 

Per  cent. 
23 

3.3 


40.. 


23.3 


3.3 


70 


Females  (30) 

Siipracondyloid  Process. — This  atavistic  process  occurring  in 
about  1  per  cent,  of  the  arm  bones  of  whites,^  but  very  rare  as  a 
distinct  process  in  Indians  in  general,  forms  no  exception  in  this 
respect  in  the  Floridians.  It  was  present  as  a  definite  projection 
in  none  of  the  bones,  the  conditions  being  found  as  shown 
herewith: 

FLORIDA  HUMERI:  SUPRACONDYLOID  PROCESS 


Sex  and  Number 
Specimens 

of 

Rough 
Trace  in 
its  Place 

Slight 
Ridge 

Moderate 
Ridge 

Pronounced 
Ridge 

Tubercle, 
Spine  or 
Process 

Males  (48) 

Females  (41) 

Per  cent. 
6.3 

Per  cent. 
14.6 

2.4 

Per  cent. 
4.2 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent . . 

THE    RADIUS 

While  there  were  in  the  collections  examined  numerous  more 
or  less   imperfect  Florida  radii   that  showed   well   the  general 

1  See  Terry  (R.  J.).     Am.  J.  Phys.  Anthrop.,  1921,  iv,  129. 


Anthropology  of  Florida  123 


characteristics  of  the  bone — which  did  not  present  anything 
extraordinary — there  were  found  but  14  specimens  that  could 
be  measured  for  length.  Eleven  of  these,  identified  as  male, 
gave  the  mean  length  of  24.6  (23.2-25.6)  cm.,  3  identified  as 
female,  23.7  (23.1-24.9)  cm.  All  the  bones  seen  were  of  good 
strength,  with  moderate  curve. 

The   radio-humeral    index    — ,    based   on    the   above 

rl 

measurements  and  on  the  mean  length  of  the  humeri  is,  in  the 
males,  76.  2,  which  is  very  close  to  the  general  North  American 
Indian  average  of  77.7.  In  mixed  American  whites  (526  skele- 
tons) the  writer  obtained  the  average  radiohumeral  index  of 
73.6.  The  Indian  radius,  and  hence  forearm,  as  that  of  the 
negro  (R-H.  I.  in  males  77.4),  is  relatively  long — another  racial 
feature  of  import  that  in  advanced  tasks  of  the  anthropology  of 
both  the  yellow-brown  and  the  white  race  should  prove  of  much 
assistance. 

THE    FEMUR 

There  were  found  28  old  Floridian  femora  that  were  suffi- 
ciently preserved  to  give  the  standard  bicondylar  length,  but  in 
128  bones  it  was  possible  to  measure  the  thickness  of  the  median 
part  of  the  shaft.  The  length  shows  that  the  bones  while  not 
short,  are  of  no  great  size.  The  female  is  to  the  male  femur  in 
this  respect  as  92.5  to  100 — practically  the  same  as  in  other 
Indians  (92.65),  but  less  than  in  United  States  whites  (93.—)  or 
negroes  (93.1).  The  right  bone  is  on  the  average  slightly  the 
longer  in  both  sexes.    The  range  of  variation  is  moderate. 

A  reference  to  the  accompanying  tables  shows  the  Florida 
femur  to  be  perceptibly  longer  than  the  mean  of  all  available 
tribes,  but  slightly  shorter  than  that  of  the  mixed  present  white 
American  population. 


124  Ales  Hrdlicka 


In  strength  the  Florida  femur  shows  well  above  the  general 
Indian  average  in  the  males  and  slightly  above  also  in  the 
females.  Exactly  the  same  will  be  seen  with  the  tibia,.  In  both 
cases  the  excess  of  the  female  bone  over  the  general  Indian 
average  is  less  than  with  the  humerus,  showing  probably  the 
effects  of  canoe  life  in  the  Floridians.  Take  away  the  canoe 
and  the  Florida  woman  would  presumably  be  of  the  same 
strength,  indicating  the  same  activities,  as  her  Indian  sisters  in 
general — not  quite  on  the  whole  reaching  the  mean  robustness  of 
the  working  female  white  American.  The  Florida  male  excels 
in  strength  throughout,  in  upper  as  well  as  lower  extremities. 
He  was  evidently  both  well  nourished  and  very  active  as  well  on 
land  as  on  water. 

The  form  of  the  Florida  femur  as  expressed  by  the  shaft  index 

,         .  ,  ,,    -  r   1     1  (Diam.  later,  max.  X  100)    . 

at  the  middle  of  the  bone  — ttv- : r^^ —    is,  as  may 

(Diam.  antero-post.)  '  ^ 

be  seen  in  the  following  tables,  the  same  as  in  Indians  at  large, 

and  is  in  all  the  tribes  notably  lower  than  in  whites.    This  is  due 

to  the  relatively  as  well  as  absolutely  greater  breadth  (D.iam. 

lat.  max.)  of  the  bone  in  the  whites,  while  in  the  Indian  and 

particularly  the  Florida  males  it  is  associated  with  a  greater 

antero-posterior  diameter — features  constituting  further  racial 

differences  of  real  value. 

XK     K  f  1  •   ^  (H  X  100)  . 

ine  humero-remoral  mdex   ro' l~l TT^    is    approxim- 

(Bicond.  L.  or  b.)  ^^ 

ately  73.1  in  the  males  and  71.9  in  the  females;  in  150  male  and 

100  female  Indians  (500  femora)  of  other  tribes  the  index  was 

respectively  72.2  and  72.5;  in  400  male  and  145  female  U.  S. 

whites  it  was  72.5  and  71.6.     The  index  evidently  differs  but 

little  either  tribally  or  racially,  nevertheless  it  inclines  to  be 

slightly  higher  in  the  Indians,  denoting  a  slightly  shorter  relative 

length  of  the  femur. 


Anthropology  of  Florida 


125 


Florida — Femur 

Length 
Bicondylar 

At  Middle: 

D.  A-P.  Max. 

D.  Later. 

Mean  Diam. 

Index 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

BOTH  SIDES                                                                j| 

Males 

(20) 

(86) 

(86) 

(86) 

(86) 

Aver. 

44.2 

3.09 

2.72 

2.91 

87.9 

Min. 

4L8 

2.7 

2.3 

2.S5 

74.3 

Max. 

47.9 

3.5 

7,.Z 

3.3 

100.- 

Females 

(8) 

(36) 

(36) 

(36) 

(36) 

Aver. 

40.9 

2.61 

2.36 

2.49 

90.3 

MIn. 

38.3 

2.4 

2.1 

2.27 

78.6 

Max. 

44.8 

2.9 

2.6 

2.65 

100.- 

i                                                                           RIGHT 

j  Males 

(8) 

(42) 

(42) 

(42) 

(42) 

Aver. 

44.3 

3.11 

2.72 

2.92 

87.S 

1 
Females 

(4) 

(19) 

(19) 

(19) 

(19) 

Aver. 

4L3 

2.65 

2.32 

2.48 

87.7 

LEFT 

Males 

(12) 

(44) 

(44) 

(44) 

(44) 

Aver. 

44.1 

3.08 

1.11 

2.90 

88.3 

Females 

(4) 

(17) 

(17) 

(17) 

(17) 

Aver. 

40.6 

2.57 

2.40 

2.49 

93.3 

126 


Ales  Hrdlicka 


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Anthropology  of  Florida 127 

the  tibia 
In  agreement  with  the  humeri  and  femora,  the  Florida  tibiae 
show  but  medium  length.  The  female  to  male  average  is  as  91.3 
to  100;  in  1130  tibiae  of  other  tribes  it  averages  91.8;  in  2000  bones 
of  mixed  U.  S.  whites  92.7  to  100.  The  right  Floridian  tibia  ap- 
pears on  the  average  as  slightly  the  longer  in  both  sexes,  which  is 
rather  exceptional,  in  many  Indian  as  well  as  other  racial  groups 
the  left  tibia,  in  one  of  the  sexes  at  least,  being  the  longer. 

The  tibio-femoral  index  7^|- — j— r- — ?-pT  equals  83.—  in  the 

males  and  81.9  in  the  females,  which  is  about  two  points  less 
than  in  the  Indians  at  large,  though  still  slightly  higher  than  in 
whites  (male  whites  82.1,  females  81.5).  It  is  interesting  to 
note  that  there  should  be  so  much  less  racial  difference  between 
the  leg  and  the  thigh  than  between  the  forearm  and  arm. 

The  strength  of  the  bone  is  marked.  It  is  equal  on  the  two 
sides  in  the  males,  slightly  greater  on  the  left  in  the  females. 
The  average  male  bone  is  in  this  respect  to  the  average  female 
bone  as  83.3  to  100,  which  is  approximately  two  points  lower 
than  the  general  average  of  other  tribes  (7  tribes  =  85.5), 
showing  the  male  Florida  tibia  to  be  exceptionally  strong,  which 
stands  in  accord  to  what  was  observed  with  the  rest  of  the  long 
bones  from  the  peninsula. 

Comparison  with  other  tribes  as  given  in  the  second  table 
below  shows  that,  while  the  female  Florida  tibia  is  just  about  or 
only  very  slightly  above  the  general  Indian  average,  and  with 
this  slightly  below  that  of  the  working  classes  of  mixed  U.  S. 
whites,  the  male  bone  is  well  above  the  average  of  the  Indian  as 
well  as  that  of  the  common  male  whites.  The  Florida  males, 
to  sum  up,  may  therefore  well  be  characterized  as  decidedly 
robust.  They  were  not  giants  in  stature,  but  were  strong  in 
frame  and  musculature.  It  can  readily  be  understood  that  they 
had  the  reputation  of  fierce  fighters. 


128 


Ales  Hrdlicka 


/ 

Florida — Tibia 

1 

Length 
(Intern.  Agr.) 

At  Middle: 

D.-A.-P.  Max. 

D.  Lateral 

Mean  Diam. 

Index 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

BOTH  SIDES 

Males 

(12) 

(56) 

(56) 

{SG) 

(56) 

Aver. 

36.7 

3.37 

2.25 

2.81 

66.6 

Min. 

35.8 

2.9 

1.85 

2.45 

56.1 

Max. 

37.8 

3.8 

2.6 

3.1 

80.- 

Females 

(10) 

(55) 

(55) 

(55) 

{i^) 

Aver. 

33.5 

2.77 

1.92 

2.34 

69.2 

Min. 

30.4 

2.35 

1.6 

2.02 

55.- 

Max. 

36.5 

3.3 

2.25 

2.72 

78.6 

RIGHT 
i 

Males 

(5) 

(25) 

(25) 

(25) 

(25) 

Aver. 

35.14 

3.35 

2.26 

2.81 

67.4 

Females 

(5) 

(22) 

(22) 

(22) 

(22) 

Aver. 

33.6 

2.73 

1.92 

2.32 

70.1         ii 

ii 

LEFT 

Males 

(7) 

(31) 

(31) 

(31) 

(31) 

hwtT. 

36.96 

3.39 

2.23 

2.81 

65.7 

Females 

(5) 

(33) 

(33) 

(33) 

(33) 

Aver. 

33.92 

2.81 

1.92 

2.37 

6S.4 

Anthropology  of  Florida 


129 


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130  Ales  Hrdlicka 


In  observing  the  separate  measurements  of  the  shaft  of  the 
tibia  it  will  be  noted  that  the  plus  development  of  the  Florida 
bone  in  relation  to  that  of  other  Indians  is  in  both  dimensions, 
in  relation  to  whites  only  in  the  antero-posterior  diameter.  This 
means  a  bone  giving  very  nearly  the  same  index  of  shaft  or  same 
degree  of  platycnsemy  as  that  of  Indians  in  general,  but  a  very 
perceptibly  lower  index  or  higher  platycnsemy  than  that  of 
whites.  An  antero-posteriorly  deeper  and  therefore  relatively 
flatter  femur,  an  antero-posteriorly  larger  and  therefore  also 
relatively  flatter  tibia — such  in  comparison  with  whites  (and 
especially  negroes)  are  the  essential  Indian  and  equally  Floridian 
characteristics  in  these  important  parts  of  the  skeleton. 

SUMMARY    OF    THE     OBSERVATIONS    ON    THE    SKELETAL    REMAINS 
FROM   THE    FLORIDA   MOUNDS    AND    SHELL   HEAPS 

1.  The  skeletal  remains  from  the  mounds  and  shell  heaps  of 
Florida  show  considerable  uniformity;  yet  it  is  possible  to  dis- 
tinguish two  types — one  prevalent,  fundamental,  characterized 
by  above-average  massiveness,  brachycephaly,  and  high  vault 
of  skull,  high,  fairly  broad  face,  high,  moderately  broad  nose, 
and  high,  stout  lower  jaw,  with  robust  to  heavy,  good-sized 
skeleton;  and  another,  less  numerous  and  in  the  main  evidently 
more  recent  type,  with  head  form  subdolicho-  to  slightly 
brachycephalic,  also  high-vaulted,  and  with  facial  and  skeletal 
features  related  to  but  somewhat  less  accentuated  than  those 
of  the  first  type. 

2.  The  first  type  not  seldom  exists  pure,  the  second  is  most 
frequently  admixed  with  the  first.  There  are  no  traces  of  any 
other  type  in  the  territory. 

3.  The  brachycephals  extended  in  the  main  over  the  northern 
two-thirds  of  the  peninsula,  the  oblong  heads  being  more  frequent 
in  the  southern  third  and  along  parts  of  the  east  coast.  The 
Timucuas  of  northern  Florida,  the  St.  John's  River  Indians,  and 


Anthropology  of  Florida 131 

the  Caloosas  of  the  west  coast  or  at  least  those  from  Tampa 
Bay  to  Charlotte  Harbor,  were  all  physically  the  same  people. 

4.  The  brachycephals  practiced  the  fronto-occipital  artificial 
deformation  of  the  head;  the  oblong  heads,  except  where  admixed 
with  the  brachycephals,  practiced  no  deformation. 

5.  The  physical  affinities  of  the  brachycephalic  population  of 
Florida  lie  not  to  the  south,  but  to  the  immediate  north  and 
west.  They  are  clearly  identifiable  as  an  extension  of  a  large 
block  of  people  of  the  same  type  who  occupied  at  and  before  the 
time  of  discovery  large  portions  of  the  states  of  Arkansas, 
Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Georgia  and  prob- 
ably also  South  Carolina. 

6.  This  stock  has  no  affinities  towards  the  northeast  or  north, 
and  must  have  been  derived  from  somewhere  in  the  northwest, 
west  or  southwest.  For  the  present,  indications  would  seem  to 
favor  eastern  Mexico. 

7.  Since  discovery  the  type,  though  robust,  and  strong  in 
numbers,  has  become  very  largely  extinct  except  in  the  mixed 
survivors  of  the  Choctaw,  Tribes  that  may  be  offshoots  of  this 
body,  though  now  speaking  northern  languages,  are  one  part 
of  the  Osage  and  the  Winnebago. 

8.  The  more  oblong-headed  elements  of  Florida  may  be 
safely  identified  with  the  Seminoles  and  other  Muskhogean 
tribes  of  northern  derivation. 

9.  The  study  of  the  long  bones  of  the  Florida  brachycephals 
shows  an  exceptional  robustness  and  strength  for  the  males; 
otherwise  they  closely  agree  in  every  respect  with  the  means  of 
North  American  Indians  in  general. 

10.  Estimations  of  stature  from  the  long  bones  show  the  same 
height  as  the  present  mixed  (not  Old  American)  United  States 
population. 


132  Ales  Hrdlicka 


In  order  further  to  clear  the  anthropological  problem  of  the 
Floridian  peninsula  and  of  the  south  in  general,  it  is  highly  de- 
sirable that  more  skeletal  material  be  collected  from  the  eastern 
as  well  as  the  western  coast  regions,  from  the  latitude  of  Lake 
Okechobee  and  Charlotte  Harbour  southward.  More  material 
of  the  same  nature  is  also  needed  from  the  Carolinas,  northern 
Georgia  and  western  Texas.  And  an  effort  should  be  made  to 
locate  and  make  anthropometric  observations  on  the  possible  re- 
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saws  and  other  tribes  that  once  belonged  to  the  general  region 
under  consideration.  With  this  comparatively  modest  amount 
of  additional  work  we  shall  have  covered  a  large  and  important 
part  of  the  northern  continent,  and  established  a  firm  founda- 
tion for  future  comparison  and  deductions. 


Detailed  Measurements 


Anthropology  of  Florida 


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Anthropology  of  Florida 


139 


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N.I. 

40.8 

44.4 

1   I   I 

54.4 



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F.I. 

upper 

50.- 
56.8 

1 1 1 

II       |2    1  1  1  1  1     1  1 

F.I. 
total 

90.9 

1  1  1 

II        1  1     M     1  1     1  1 

D. 

bizyg. 
max. 

12.8 

13.2 

n.  12.9 

(2) 
13.05 

i  1  1 

1  1  j     I  ^  1  1  1  1  II  1  1  1 

Alv. 
Pt.- 

Nas. 

6.4 

6.8 

7.5 

(2) 
7.15 

1  1  '^■ 

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6.4 

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Cra- 
nial 
Mod- 
ule 

14.87 
15.13 

15.17 
14.43 
14.63 

TsT" 

14.85 

14.53 

14.67 
14.90 
14.77 
14.97 

(5) 
14.78 

0  — >^ 

(3) 
14.20 

14.63 
14.70 

(2) 
14.67 

13.60 
13.50 

Mean 

81.4 
89.2 

88.9 
93.6 
85.1 

87.S 

90.7 

86.6 
91.2 
86.7 
88.7 

(5) 
88.8 

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f3) 
90.8 

90.7 
87.3 

"{2)" 
89.- 

84.3 
88.2 

(4) 
87.6 

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81.9 

81.6 
80.7 

81.2 

74.2 
79.5 

(4) 
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80.S 

dians 
79.8 
84.9 

(2) 
82.3 

76.1 
80.1 

(4) 
80.15 

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12.9 
14.- 

14.- 
13.8 
13.1 

'(5) 
13.56 

13.6 

13.3 
14.- 
13.4 
13.8 

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13.62 

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13.9 
14.- 
14.3 
13.6 
14.3 
14.7 

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14.11 

13.2 
13.9 
13.9 
13.3 
13.9 
14.1 
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(7) 
13.75 

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(3) 
13.06 

13.4 
14.1 

13.75 

12.4 
12.5 

Vaul 
L. 

17.7 
17.5 
u.  17.1 
17.2 
15.9 
16.5 
16.7 

16.94 

16.8 
17.- 
16.8 
17.4 
17.- 
17.- 
16.8 

(7) 
16.97 

rotNCN 

1^  0  10 

(3) 
18.23 

16.8 
16.6 

"T2T 
16.70 

16.3 
15.6 

cial 

1     1     1 

11;           111 

Deformation 
si.  front,  flat. 

1     1     1 

Means,  South  and  Southeast  Florida: 

SEMINOLES  i               1                                      i 
A.  N.  S.  P.       1      1,788'            Various            ■               — 
1      1.726  j                                        ;                — 

Seminole  Adolescents           1 

;        729  :                                     1 

;        727  ,                                   1              — 

Locality 

St.  Johns  River 

Tick  Id. 
Huntoon  Id. 

Lake  Co. 
Nowalk  Ldg. 

Tar  Ldg. 
Kitchen  Creek 
Mulberry  Md. 

Jt.  Johns  River: 

St.  Augustine 
New  Smyrna 

i^AST  Coast: 

§ 

0 

No. 

1,794 
1,808 
1,787 
1,755 
1,783 
1.789 
1,790 

Means,  J 

242,666 

242,685 
242,686 
242,627 
242,626 
242.623 
242,628 

^eans. 

South  and      ] 

Southeast       | 

Florida           \ 

U.  S.N.  M.  I  228,452 
'228,336 
i  228,337 

Place: 

St.  Johns 
River 
A.  N.  S.  P. 

East  Coast 
U.  S.  N.  M. 

INDEX 
A 

PAGE 

Addison's  Place,  Key 12,  13,  24,  26 

Alabama,  Crania  of Ill,  112 

Alabamois  Indians 114 

Allen,  Harrison Id 

Allens  River 34 

Arkansas,  Crania  of Ill,  112 

Antiquity 65 

Anthropology  of  Florida,  Comparative 109 

B 

Barfield,  J.  M 22,  32 

Barnes  River 40 

Blue  Hill 8 

Brinton,  Daniel  G 58,  61,  78 

Brooks,  W.  K 86 

Brown's  Place 36 

Buttonwood  Key 31 

C 

Caloosahatchee  River 14,  52 

Caloosas 50,  51,  58 

Canals,  Aboriginal 13,  20,  25,  35 

Cannon,  James  E 15 

Cape  Romaine 24 

Cape  Sable 6,  10,  11,  12,  47 

Carolina,  South,  Crania  of Ill,  112 

Caximbas 8,  22,  26 

Charlotte  Harbor 10,  14,  26,  48,  50,  51 

Chatham  River,  Bend 10,  41 

Chevalier  Place 42,  53 

Chokaloskee  Island 6,  9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  15,  35 


C  PAGE 

Choctaws 114,  116 

Clam  Pass 19 

Comparative  (the  Skull) 113 

Coon  Key 8 

Crania,  Eastern  and  Southeastern 115 

Crania,  Floridian  72  et  seq. 

Deformation 83 

Massiveness 85 

Disease 87 

Unity  of  Type 88 

Numbers  Examined 89 

Descriptive  Features  of 90 

Measurements  of 91 

Facial  Proportions 99 

Crawford  Place,  Key 12,  20 

Creeks 58,  59,60,  114 

Cushing,  Frank  Hamilton 7,  16,  19,  11^  79,  83 

Cushing's  Point 21,  26,  36 

D 

Deeses'  Place 32 

Deformation  of  Head 83 

Descriptive  Features  (of  Skull) 90 

Disease  in  Florida  Skulls  and  Bones 87 

Dismal  Key 8,  13,  31 

Dwon's  Place 33 

E 

East  Coast 52 

Ecker,  a 75 

Ellis,  J.  B 15,  33,  40,  47 

Ellis  Place 33 

Estero  Keys 16 

F 

Facial  Proportions  (of  Skull) 99 

Fakahatchee 8,  12,  13,  33 

Femur,  The 129 

Ferguson  River 34 


F  PAGE 

Flamingo 47 

Florida,  Anthropology  of.     2,  Peopling  of 70 

Peopling  and  Tribes  of 57 

Removal  of  to  Cuba 61 

Numbers 66 

Antiquity  of 68 

Stature  of — Old  Florida  Population 118 

Florida  Indians,  Physical  Characteristics  of 70,  71 

Crania  of 73,  83,  99,  101,  111,  112 

Other  Skeletal  Remains  of 117- 

Fort  Myers 19,  52 

Indian  Remains  from 16 

Former  Contributions  72  et  seq. 

G 

Gandesse's  Place 32 

General  Impressions 48 

Georgia,  Crania  of Ill,  112 

Gomez  Key 8,  33 

Goodland  Point 8,  13,  24,  26 

Gopher  Key 42 

Gordon  Pass 20 

H 

Halfway  Creek 34 

Hamilton,  Eugene 44 

Hamilton,  R.  E 15,  41,  44 

Harney  River 47 

Head  Deformation 83 

HicHiTi 59 

Holmes,  W.  H Foreword 

HoRR,  J.  F 22 

Horr's  Island 8,  22 

Howard  Wood  Creel 41 

Hrdlicka,  a 16,  83 

Humerus,  The 118 

I 

Indian  Remains 16 

Insects 27,  43,  46 


J 

PAGE 

Jaws,  Lower 102 

Exceptional 105,  108 

K 

Key  Marco 8,  10,  11,  13,  14,  21,  26,  27,  50 

Indian  Remains  from 16 

Southward 27 

Kinzie,  Captain 16 

L 

Labelle 52 

Little  Marco  Island,  Key 7,  12 

Long  Bones,  THE 117,  118,  122,  123,  127 

Lopez  Place 40 

Lossman's  River 15,  44,  46,  47 

Key 10,  11,  12,  13,  45 

Louisiana,  Crania  of Ill,  112 

Lower  Jaws,  Floridian 102 

Exceptional 105,  108 

M 

Marco  Key,  Pass,  Village 8,  10,  11,  13,  14,  21,  26^27,  50 

Massiveness  of  Skulls  From  Florida 85 

McIlvaine  Key,  Creek 12,  24 

McKinnie's  Place 40 

Measurements  of  Skull 91 

Detailed 135 

Miller's  Point 42 

Mississippi,  Crania  of Ill,  116 

Mooney,  James 58 

Moore,  Clarence  B 7,  10,  12,  13,  15,  16,  19,  23,  24,  26,  31,  32,  33,  34,  35, 

36,  41,  45,  47,  83. 

Moore  Haven 52 

Mound  Key 16,  26 

Mounds 28,48 

Muskhogean  Tribes 114,  116 

N 

Naples 12,  19,26 

Natchez 114,  116 


N 

PAGE 

National  Reservations,  Sites  for 30 

New  Observations 83 

New  River 41 

O 

Okechobee,  Lake 14,  SO,  52 

Onion  Key 46 

Otis,  George  A '5 

P 

Peopling  of  Florida 56 

Physical  Characteristics  of  Floridians 70 

Physical  Anthropology '1 

Pumpkin  Key 32 

Punta  Rasa 1^ 

Putnam,  F.  W 76 

R 

Radius,  The 122 

Records,  Physical  Characteristics  of  Floridians  in 70 

Robert's  Creek 40 

Roger's  River 47 

Royal  Palm  Hammock 45 

Russell's  Key,  Island 9,  12,  13,  34 

S 

Sandfly  Pass 9,  34,  36 

Sand  Mounds 28 

Seminole  Crania 113,  114 

Seminoles,  The 14,  53,  54,  61,  64,  77,  113,  114,  116 

Shell  Heaps,  Mounds 13,  14,  27,  28,  48,  69 

Shell  Key 31 

Skulls,  the  Floridian 83,  85,  86,  87,  88,  89,  90,  97,  109 

Smallwood,  C.  S 15,  36 

St.  John's  River 11?  51,  58 

St.  Mary's  Island 44 

Stature 1^° 

Storter,  George  W 15,  34,  40,  47,  53 

Summary 130 

Syphilis,  in  Florida 87 


T 

PAGE 

Ten  Thousand  Islands  Region 5,  48 

Tennessee,  Crania  of Ill,  112 

Thompson  Place 33 

Tibia,  The ' 127 

Timucua 59,  60,  118 

Tribes  of  Florida 57,  59 

Turner's  River 10,  13,  14,  36 

Type,  Unity  of 88 

U 

Uchees 62 

Unity  of  Type 88 

W 

Watson's  Place 10,  41 

Weeks  Place 20,  26 

West  Pass 36 

White  Water  Bay 47 

Whitney  River 29 

Wiggins  Key 9 

Wyman,  Jeffries 72 

Y 

Yamasee 59,  61 


LIST  OF  SUSTAINING  MEMBERS 

OF  THE 

FLORIDA  STATE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

INSTITUTIONS  , 

AVERY  LIBRARY  AND  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

New  Port  Ritchie,  Florida 
BARTOW  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Bartow,  Florida 
BOSTON  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Boston,  Massachusetts 
CLEMENTS  LIBRARY  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 

University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan 
CHICAGO  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Chicago,  Illinois 
DENISON  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 

Granville,  Ohio 
HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 

Cambridge,  Massachusetts 
JACKSONVILLE  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Jacksonville,  Florida 
JOHN  B.  STETSON  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 

Deland,  Florida 
MINNESOTA  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

Minneapolis,  Minnesota 
NEW  YORK  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

New  York  City 
NEW  SMYRNA  FREE  LIBRARY 

New  Smyrna,  Florida 
PALATKA  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Palatka,  Florida 
PRINCETON  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 

Princeton,  New  Jersey 
STATE  COLLEGE  FOR  WOMEN  LIBRARY 

Tallahassee,  Florida 
SUPREME  COURT  OF  FLORIDA  LIBRARY 

Tallahassee,  Florida 
UNIVERSITY  OF  FLORIDA  LIBRARY 

Gainesville,  Florida 
VIRGINIA  STATE  LIBRARY 

Richmond,  Virginia 
WEST  PALM  BEACH  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

West  Palm  Beach,  Florida 
YALE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 

New  Haven,  Connecticut 

INDIVIDUALS 

ANDERSON,  ANDREW,  St.  Augustine,  Florida 
BARRELL,  EDWARD  P.,  Deland,  Florida 
BEAVER,  F.  P.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
BENTLEY,  FRANK,  Tampa,  Florida 
BIGLER,  B.  B.,  St.  Augustine,  Florida 


BOND,  ELIZABETH  G.,  Deland,  Florida 

BOND,  MRS.  ROBERT  M.,  Deland,  Florida 

BRYAN,  WILLIAM  JENNINGS,  Miami,  Florida 

BURT,  FRED  N.,  DeLeon  Springs,  Flordia 

CHAPIN,  GEORGE  M.,  Jacksonville,  Florida 

COLTON,  LITCHFIELD,  Deland,  Florida 

CONNOR,  JEANNETTE  THURBER,  New  York  City 

CONNOR,  WASHINGTON  E.,  New  York  City 

CONNOR,  Wayne  E.,  New  Smyrna,  Florida 

CONRAD,  CARRIE  F.,  Deland,  Florida 

DEERING,  CHARLES,  Miami,  Florida 

DEERING,  JAMES,  Miami,  Florida 

DEWHURST,  W.  W.,  St.  Augustine,  Florida 

FARRISS,  CHARLES  S.,  Deland,  Florida 

FEE,  WILLIAAI  I.,  Ft.  Pierce,  Florida 

FISHER,  GEORGIA  GERTRUDE,  Deland,  Florida 

FLETCHER,  DUNCAN  U.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

FOSTER,  WARD  G.,  New  York  City 

GARWOOD,  H.  C,  Deland,  Florida 

GILLETT,  D.  C,  Tampa,  Florida 

GORDIS,  W.  S.,  Deland,  Florida 

GREENE,  JAMES  A.,  Winter  Haven,  Florida 

HULLEY,  LINCOLN,  Deland,  Florida 

JENNINGS,  MRS.  W.  S.,  Jacksonville,  Florida 

JORDAN,  SAMUEL  D.,  Deland,  Florida 

KAY,  WILLIAAI  E.,  Jacksonville,  Florida 

KNIGHT,  PETER  O.,  Tampa,  Florida 

LAMAR,  G.  B.,  St.  Augustine,  Florida 

MICKLE,  W.  Y.,  Deland,  Florida 

OSBORNE,  F.  R.,  Deland,  Florida 

PAUL,  JOHN  J.,  Watertown,  Florida 

PERKINS,  J.  W.,  Deland,  Florida 

RASCO,  R.  A.,  Deland,  Florida 

REESE,  J.  H.,  Miami,  Florida 

REYNOLDS,  CHARLES  B.,  New  York  City 

REYNOLDS,  E.  H.,  St.  Augustine,  Florida 

REYNOLDS,  E.  S.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

SANCHEZ,  EUGENE  M.,  Jacksonville,  Florida 

SAUL,  MAURICE  B.,  Moylan,  Pennsylvania 

SHUTTS,  FRANK  B.,  Miami,  Florida 

STANLEY,  MRS.  M.  F.,  New  Smyrna,  Florida 

STETSON,  JOHN  B.,  JR.,  Elkins  Park,  Pennsylvania 

STOVER,  IRVING  C,  Deland,  Florida 

THURBER,  JEANNETTE  M.,  New  York  City 

WALL,  PERRY  G.,  Tampa,  Florida 

WATSON,  W.  H.,  Pensacola,  Florida 

WILKINSON,  E.  G.,  Naples,  Florida 

WILMSHURST,  HENRY  J.,  Deland,  Florida 

WINSHIP,  GEORGE  PARKER,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts 

WRIGHT,  SILAS  B.,  Deland,  Florida 

YONGE,  P.  K.,  Pensacola,  Florida 


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